q,q,*,Source:Adapted from the work of C.Halverson,Unit 5 Communicating Across Contexts:,The,High,s and,Low,s,words,facts,gestures,body language,social,tone,hierarchy,role,age,appearance,environment,informal,formal,indirect,direct,Yes means No?,gender,class,What is the cultural implication behind these proverbs,Evil comes out of ones mouth,The mouth is to eat with,not to speak with,He who speaks has no knowledge and he who has knowledge does not speak,The person who speaks much does not give much thought to what he is saying,What is the cultural implication behind these proverbs,Dont beat about the bush.,Get straight to the point,Say what you mean.,Edward T.Hall,Edward T.Hall was born on May 16,1914 in Webster Groves,Missouri.,Three important concepts about cultural differences that Hall described include:,time,context,and space.,Context,Context is the information that surrounds an event;it is inextricably bound up with the meaning of the event.,Edward T.Hall,B,eyond culture,1976,Context(setting背景,环境):,Context is the influences that help cause a particular event or situation to happen.Different people are living in a context containing a variety of religious rituals,customs,habits,behavior codes,language codes and etc.On the whole,people in all cultures use both relatively high and relatively low context communication.,Halls Theory on High and Low Context Cultures,a high-context culture:,most of the information is either in the physical context or internalized in the person while very little is in the coded,explicit part of the message;meaning is not necessarily contained in words;information is provided through gestures,age,sex,education,family background,etc.,在高语境文化中，在人们交际时，有较多的信息量或者蕴涵在社会文化环境和情景中，或者内化于交际者的心中；相对地讲，明显的语码那么负载较少的信息量。这也意味着，在强交际环境文化的人们对微妙的环境提示较为敏感。,illustration:twins who have grown up together,Halls Theory on High and Low Context Cultures,a low-context culture:,the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code;messages are detailed,clear-cut,and definite;,illustration:two lawyers in a courtroom;a child trying to explain to his mother why he got into a fight,在低语境文化中，交际过程中所产生的信息量的大局部由显性的语码负载，相对地讲，只有少量的信息蕴涵在隐性的环境和情景中。这也意味着，在低语境文化中的人们习惯用语言本身的力量来进行交际。,Dialog 1,A:Were going to New Orleans this weekend.,B:What fun!I wish we were going with you.,How long are you going to be there?,(If she wants a ride,she will ask.),A:Three days.By the way,we may need a ride to,the airport.Do you think you can take us there?,B:Sure.What time?,Dialog 2,A:Were going to New Orleans this weekend.,B:What fun!I wish we were going with you.,How long are you going to be there?,A:Three days.,(I hope shell offer me a ride to the,airport),B:,(She may want me to give her a ride.),Do you,need a ride to the airport?Ill take you.,A:Are you sure its not too much trouble?,B:Its no trouble at all.,Dialog 3,A:Were going to New Orleans this weekend.,B:What fun!I wish we were going with you.,How long are you going to be there?,A:Three days.,(I hope shell offer me a ride to the,airport),B:,(If she wants a ride,she will ask.),Have a great,time!,A:,(If she had wanted to give me a ride,she would,have offered it.Id better ask somebody else.),Thanks.Ill see you when I get back.,Source:Edward T.Hall,High Context,Message contained in environment and person,Indirect,Focus on relationship building,Shared knowledge/experience,Information flows informally through networks,Multiple tasks carried out at the same time,Sender and receiver are responsible for success of transmission,Culture Meets Language:Differences in Communication Styles,HIGH-CONTEXT,内隐，含蓄,暗码信息,较多非语言编码,反响很少外露,人际关系紧密,内外有别,高承诺,时间处理高度灵活,Source:Edward T.Hall,Low Context,Message contained primarily in words,Direct,Focus on task completion,Knowledge/experience not shared,Information flow is controlled through formal channels,Individual tasks carried out one at a time,Sender has primary responsibility for success of transmission,Culture Meets Language:Differences in Communication Styles,LOW-CONTEXT,外显，明了,明码信息,较多语言编码,反响外露,人际关系不密切,内外灵活,低承诺,时间高度组化,A cross-cultural dialogue,Foreign affairs,officer:Foreign teachers ask me for lots of informationbefore they come to China.,Foreign teacher:What do you tell them?,FOA:,I tell them they will find out everything that they needto knowwhen they get here.,Foreign teacher:oh.,FOA:,yes,my office and teaching department arrange everything for them.Every foreign teacher has a contact person to help with problems of teaching and daily life.,HC communication is economical,fast,efficient,and satisfying;,(Do you think so?),HC communications are frequently used as art forms.They act as a unifying,cohesive force,are long-lived,and are slow to change.,LC communications do not unify;however,they can be changed easily and rapidly.,Characteristic of HC and LC,High-Context Cultures,JapaneseChineseKorean.AmericanScandinavianGermanGerman-Swiss,Low-Context Cultures,Chinese Communication Style,中国式的交际方式,“Maybe、“Probably、“I guess、“It is said that,I will do my best,一 I wi