,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,语境与词汇的翻译,“词本无义，义随文生”文（？）,文：context,词语的翻译应充分考虑到语境，确定词义时要注意词的搭配(collocation)，词义的褒贬(commendatory,derogatory)等方面，表达时可以根据上下文和逻辑关系对词义进行引申(connotative)，同时还要注意语体(stylistic)。,语境与词汇的翻译“词本无义，义随文生”文（？,1,3.2 词语翻译与语言语境,3.2 Lexical Translation&Language Context,“Each word when used in a new context is a new word.”-Firth,重视语境意义就不能拘泥于字典意义(Because dictionary meaning bears no link with any context)。,3.2 词语翻译与语言语境3.2 Lexical Trans,2,语境理论,所谓语境，即语言的交际环境。最早提出语境理论的是马林诺夫斯基（Malinowski）,他把语境分为三类，即,-语言语境（verbal context 词、句、段等构成的上下文）,-情景语境（situational context 交际情景）,-文化语境（cultural context语篇的社会文化）,语境理论所谓语境，即语言的交际环境。最早提出语境理论的是马林,3,3.2 词语翻译与语言语境,3.2.1 根据语言语境确定原文词义,（making out the meaning of original text in the light of context）,*搭配不同，意义不同。如“红包”。,1.婚宴“红包”（gift money）,2.老板发“红包”（bonus）,3.给当官的送“红包”（bribes）,P59:做练习四（2）：“心”的翻译,（answer:P223）,3.2 词语翻译与语言语境3.2.1 根据语言语境确定原文词,4,3.2.1 根据语言语境确定原文词义,例1：洁白的大道 clean roadway,例2：好地方 a most suitable place,例3：强迫运动 compulsory(必修的)physical exercises,3.2.1 根据语言语境确定原文词义例1：洁白的大道,5,根据语言语境确定原文词义,例4：把马克思主义的基本原理同中国实际,结合起来,。,初译：,integrate,the basic tenets of Marxism,with,Chinas realities.,修正：,adapt,the basic tenets of Marxism,to,Chinas national conditions.,分析：integrate 意为combine,是两者叠加一起使之成为一个整体。而“马克思主义的基本原理”与“中国实际”是两个不同性质的概念，因而不能叠合.,根据语言语境确定原文词义例4：把马克思主义的基本原理同中国,6,Good在不同collocation中的翻译,Good fire,A good hard work,Good reason,A good dinner,A good soil,A good money,Good English,That engine sounds good.,A good example,Milk is good for children.,a good chess player,Have a good drink,Good debts,Good在不同collocation中的翻译Good fir,7,Good在不同collocation中的翻译,Good fire 旺火,A good hard work 一项十分艰巨的工作,Good reason 恰当（充分）的理由,A good dinner 一顿丰盛的餐饭,A good soil 肥沃的土壤,A good money 真的货币,Good English规范的英语,That engine sounds good.那台发动机听声音运转正常。,A good example 典型的例子,Milk is good for children.有益的,a good chess player 高明的棋手,Have a good drink 喝个痛快,Good debts 可偿还债务,Good在不同collocation中的翻译Good fir,8,3.2.2 根据语言语境选择译文用词,picking up right words in the target text on basis of context,(P62)Taking care of diction(esp.in using synonyms)&collocation,Eg.4:好,Eg.5:复杂的感情：mixed feelings(),complex/complicated feelings(),Eg.6:（日子）过去：flow away/wear off/pass away,3.2.2 根据语言语境选择译文用词picking up r,9,3.2.2 根据语言语境选择译文用词,“说”的不同翻译：,Eg.阿Q将衣服摔在地上，吐一口唾沫，,说,：“这毛虫！”,Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground,spat,and,swore,Hairy worm!“,（鲁迅阿Q正传，杨宪益、戴乃迭译）,Eg.“三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮”，这就是,说,，群众有伟大的创造力。（毛泽东选集）,The old saying,Three cobblers with their wits combined would equal Zhuge Liang the master mind,simply,means,the masses have great creative power.,3.2.2 根据语言语境选择译文用词“说”的不同翻译：,10,3.2.2 根据语言语境选择译文用词,（7）贾珍感谢不尽，,说,：“侍服满，亲带小犬到府叩谢。”于是作别。,Chia Chen thanked him warmly and,promised,When the mourning is over I shall bring my worthless son to your honorable mansion to kowtow his thanks.And so they parted.,3.2.2 根据语言语境选择译文用词（7）贾珍感谢不尽，说：,11,3.2 词语翻译与语言语境,3.2.3 根据语言语境消除歧义,（clearing up,ambiguity,in line with context）,例1：自行车没有锁。,Without the context,this sentence will be ambiguous in meaning.,1)The bicycle is not equipped with a lock.,2)The bike is unlocked.,3.2 词语翻译与语言语境3.2.3 根据语言语境消除歧义,12,3.2.3 根据语言语境消除歧义,例2：He drove to the,bank,yesterday.,Q:without context,how many versions can this sentence be rendered?,(bank:a.银行；b.河岸),3.2.3 根据语言语境消除歧义例2：He drove to,13,3.2.4 语言语境与词语感情色彩的传达,(context and transmitting emotive meaning of words),褒义词 commendatory term,贬义词 derogatory term,中性词 neutral words,3.2.4 语言语境与词语感情色彩的传达(context,14,3.2.4 语言语境与词语感情色彩的传达,The same word may have quite emotive meanings in different contexts,句1：她买了不少,东西,。,（goods）,句2：这个吃里扒外的,东西,！,(bastard),句3：这小,东西,（小孩儿）真逗人喜爱。,(little kid),3.2.4 语言语境与词语感情色彩的传达The same w,15,3.2.4 语言语境与词语感情色彩的传达,例：他们,讲,唯心论，我们,讲,唯物论。,译：They _ idealism whereas we _ materialism.(advocate;preach),3.2.4 语言语境与词语感情色彩的传达例：他们讲唯心论，我,16,例：他们,讲,唯心论，我们,讲,唯物论,They,preach,idealism whereas we,advocate,materialism.,Advocate:speak publicly in favor of,Preach:give sb.advce in a boring,moralizing way.,例：他们讲唯心论，我们讲唯物论They preach ide,17,2.2.1词的搭配,Who is a,good,Christian,a,good,parent,child,wife or husband,真的是虔诚的教徒，慈爱的父母，孝顺的儿女，尽职的丈夫，贤良的妻子(名利场杨必译),He halted in the district where by night are found the,lightest,street,hearts,vows and librettos.,在一个市区停下脚步，那里晚上有最明亮的街道，最愉快的心情，最轻率的盟誓和最轻松的歌曲。,I said sorry,but he didnt say a word.He just gave me,a black look.,我说了对不起，但他没吭声，只是白了我一眼。,只是面带愠色地瞪了我一眼。,2.2.1词的搭配Who is a good Chris,18,政府已经开始,担忧,日益增长的“黑色经济”*。,*译注：“黑色经济”指国家经济中隐藏的私人现金交易的部分。,The growing black economy is beginning to worry the government.,路上浮尘早已刮净，剩下一条,洁白,的大道来，车夫也跑得更快。,By now the loose dust had all been blown away,leaving the roadway clean and the rickshaw man quickened his pace.(鲁迅一件小事，杨宪益、戴乃迭译),政府已经开始担忧日益增长的“黑色经济”*。,19,2.2.2词义的褒贬,英语中某些词汇既可表示褒义又可表示贬义，翻译时只有依靠语境，理解作者的感情立场，,区分褒贬义,，才能准确传达原文作者的思想感情。,Once,early in 1974,while driving along the San Diego Freeway from Clemente to Los Angeles,he was asked to reflect on his,hopes and ambitions.,一九七四年初，有人同他一起驱车从克利门蒂沿圣地亚哥公路去洛杉矶，途中请他谈了他的希望和抱负。（褒义）,2.2.2词义的褒贬英语中某些词汇既可表示褒义又可表示贬,20,He was a man of integrity,but unfortunately he had a cer