单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Breast Cancer,乳腺癌,“粉红丝带”作为全球乳腺癌防治活动的公认标识，用于宣传“及早预防，及早觉察，及早治疗”这一信息，脚印遍布全球数十个国家。各国政府亦将每年的10月定为“乳腺癌防治月”。粉红丝带是一场关爱乳房的运动，更是人们对安康和美丽的一种追求，她已经成为了一种爱心和时尚，她正在世界各地快速升温，越来越多的媒体、政要、名人、明星正在参与进来，我们已经进入了一个全新的“粉红时代”。,The Pink Ribbon,Breast Cancer Today 概述,Causes And Risk Factors 病因学,Breast Anatomy 解剖学构造,Pathological Changes 病理转变,Metastasis 转移,Symptoms 病症,Signs And Tests 诊断,Staging 分期,Treatment 治疗,Expectations 预后,Prevention 预防,Summary 综述,Breast Cancer Today In America,Breast cancer today is not what it was 20 years ago.Survival rates are climbing,thanks to greater awareness,more early detection,and advances in treatment.(归功于更多的关注，更早的监测和更先进的治疗技术),For roughly 200,000 Americans who are diagnosed with breast cancer each year(每年约有二十万美国人被诊断为乳腺癌),there are plenty of reasons to be hopeful.,In America,About 1 out of 8 women are diagnosed with breast cancer every year.(在美国，一年统计数据说明，大约每八个女性中有一个会罹患乳腺癌),Breast Cancer Today In China,China is one of the countries with lower incidence of breast cancer(中国是乳腺癌低发病率的国家之一),But in recent years,the incidence increased significantly(但近年来发病率消失了引人注目的增长),An annual(每年的)increase of 3%to 4%,More than 1 to 2%of the world level,The incidence rate is one of the women most susceptible to tumor(发病率为女性易患肿瘤第一位).,The incidence of breast cancer from age 40 to 60 years generally,But chinese patients with early age of onset,The 45-year-old is the maximum age of sickness.(乳腺癌的好发年龄为4060岁，但我国患者发病年龄提前，45岁为发病最顶峰),Hormonal influence(激素影响):,Long duration of reproductive(riprdktv)life(育龄的长时间持续),Nulliparity(,nliprti未产妇),Late age at first child(老龄生育),Functioning ovarian(veri:n)tumor(卵巢肿瘤影响),Fibrocystic(,fabrosstk)disease(乳腺纤维囊性病),Radiation exposure(射线照射),Obesity(肥胖),Genetic predisposition(pridspzn)(遗传倾向),Virus(病毒),Causes And Risk Factors,Outline,The most obvious risk factor for breast cancer is being a woman.Men get the disease,too,but it is about 100 times more common in women.Other top risk factors include being over age 55 or having a close relative(,有亲缘关系,)who has had the disease.But keep in mind that up to 80%of women with breast cancer have no family history of the illness (,80%,的乳腺癌患者 并无家族病史,).,Causes And Risk Factors,Breast Cancer:Why Me?,The genes most commonly involved in breast cancer are known as BRCA1 and BRCA2.Women with mutations(,突变,)in these genes have up to an 80 percent chance of getting breast cancer at some point in life(,有大于80%的几率在其一生的某个年龄段罹患乳腺癌,).,Causes And Risk Factors,Breast Cancer Genes,Being overweight(过度肥胖),getting too little exercise(极少熬炼),and drinking more than one alcoholic beverage per day(每天喝超过肯定量的含酒精饮料)can raise the risk of developing breast cancer.,Birth control pills(避孕药)and some forms of postmenopausal(pst,menpzl)hormone therapy(某些形式的绝经后激素疗法)can also boost your risk(提高发病几率).,Recent studies suggest that physical activity(体育活动)may help lower the risk of a recurrence(降低复发率)and its a proven mood-booster(被公认为“愉悦心情激发器”).,Causes And Risk Factors,Risk Factors in Your Control,Breast Anatomy,outer,upper quadrant (,外上四分之一区域,),50%,Central zone(中心区域),20%,10%,outer,lower quadrant(,外下四分之一区域,),10%,inner,lower quadrant (,内下四分之一区域,),inner upper,quadrant (,内上四分之一区域,),10%,Breast Anatomy,Site(,发病部位,):,Breast cancer is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast.There are two main types of breast cancer(乳腺癌有两种主要类型):,Ductal carcinoma(导管癌)starts in the tubes(ducts)that move milk from the breast to the nipple(从乳房向乳头运输乳汁的导管).Most breast cancers are of this type(大多数乳腺癌隶属此种类型).,Lobular(”lbjl)carcinoma(小叶癌)starts in the parts of the breast,called lobules(”lbjul),that produce milk(产生乳汁的小叶).,Pathological Changes,Breast cancer may be invasive(nvesv,侵袭性的)(临床常见约占70%)or noninvasive.Invasive means it has spread from the milk duct or lobule to other tissues in the breast(已经从乳腺管向其他组织集中).Noninvasive means it has not yet invaded other breast tissue(尚未累及其他乳腺组织).Noninvasive breast cancer is called“in situ(sitju:).”(非侵袭性乳腺癌又称为原位癌),Ductal carcinoma in situ(DCIS)or intraductal carcinoma(导管内原位癌),is breast cancer in the lining of the milk ducts(穿过乳腺导管壁)that has not yet invaded nearby tissues(累及邻近组织).It may progress to invasive cancer if untreated(如未准时治疗会进展为侵袭性癌).,Lobular carcinoma in situ(LCIS)(小叶原位癌),is a marker for an increased risk of invasive cancer in the same or both breasts(它是一个向一侧或双侧乳房呈侵袭性癌进展的危急标志).,Pathological Changes,Comedocarcinoma(粉刺癌)(隶属非浸润性癌中的导管内原位癌(DCIS)high grade malignant(m”lgnnt)cells,central necrosis(ne”krss),micro calcifications(,klsf”ken)(高度恶性细胞，中心区域坏死，微钙化),Grossly(肉眼观):infiltrating(n”fltret)the surrounding breast tissues,(乳腺组织四周浸润)stony(stni)hard on palpation(pl”pet)(触诊坚硬如石),retracted(r”trkt),dimpling(”dmpl)of skin(皮肤收缩凹陷).Mass or ropy(”rp)cords(团块状或丝状束),no capsule(无被囊包被),infiltrating peripheral(p”rf()r()l)tissues(浸润累及四周组织).,Invasive ductal carcinoma(,浸润性导管癌)(隶属浸润性癌)(临床常见约占70%),More bilateral(balt()r()l)(多累及双侧乳腺),multicentric diffusely(difju:zli)invasive(布满性多灶性分布)single files of small cells in concentric ring(同心的环状)about ducts(癌细胞呈列兵样排列,局部围绕乳腺小导管环形排列).,Grossly(