,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Week,8,Sandy,Week 8Sandy,1,Outline,词义的分类,词义的分析,Outline 词义的分类,2,1 Types of Word Meaning,词义的分类,1 Types of Word Meaning词义的分类,3,词义分类的理论依据,Word meaning is made up of various,components,which are,interrelated,and,interdependent,.These components are commonly described as types of meaning.,词义,由,各种相互联系与相互依存的不同成分组成，这些成分就是词义的种类。,词义分类的理论依据,4,Types of,Meaning,Grammatical,Meaning,语法意义,Lexical,Meaning,词汇意义,Conceptual,Meaning,概念意义,Associative,Meaning,联想意义,Connotative,Meaning,内涵意义,Affective,Meaning,情感意义,Collocative,Meaning,搭配意义,Stylistic,Meaning,文体意义,Types ofGrammaticalLexicalConc,5,1.Grammatical Meaning&Lexical Meaning,语法意义&词汇意义,Grammatical meaning indicates,grammatical,concept or relationships,such as part of speech of words,singular and plural meaning of nouns,tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional paradigm.,语法意义,指词义中表示语法概念或关系的那部分意义。例如词类、名词的单复数、动词的时态意义及它们的屈折形式,。,1.Grammatical Meaning&Lexic,6,For example,girls,winters,tables,joys,We notice that word-forms,though denoting different objects of reality,have something in common.This common element is the,grammatical meaning of plurality,.,For example,7,Lexical meaning,is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary.This component of meaning is identical in all the forms of the word.,林承璋：词汇意义是词典中一个独立词的意义。在该词的所有形式中，其词汇意义相同。,Lexical meaning is the meaning,8,For example,go,goes,went,going,gone,possess different grammatical meanings of tense,person,and so on,but in each of these forms we find one and the same,semantic component,.,所以，一个词在不同的语境中有不同的语法形式来表达不同的语法意义，但词汇意义却保持不变。,For example,9,2.Conceptual Meaning&Associative Meaning,概念意义&联想意义,Conceptual meaning,is meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning.,概念意义是词典中所给的意义，是词义的核心。,2.Conceptual Meaning&Associ,10,Associative meaning is the,secondary,meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is,open-ended,and,indeterminate,liable to the influence of such factors as culture,experience,religion,etc.,联想意义是概念意义的补充意义，是次要意义。它受语言外界因素如文化、经历、宗教、地域、出身、教育等的影响而变化，所以是开放性的，是不定的。,Associative meaning is the sec,11,What are the sources of associative meanings?,The persons who use such lexemes;,The settings in which such lexemes are employed;,Cultural values associated with the referents of the lexemes;,The occurrence of such lexemes in prior texts;,Contamination from linguistic collocations;,What are the sources of associ,12,Associative,Meaning,Connotative,Meaning,内涵意义,Affective,Meaning,情感意义,Collocative,Meaning,搭配意义,Stylistic,Meaning,文体意义,AssociativeConnotative Affecti,13,1)Connotative Meaning,内涵意义,It refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.,内涵意义是由概念意义产生的言外之意或联想。,Discussion:,农民：peasant/farmer ambition:野心/雄心壮志,官：official/officer 政治：politics,个人主义：individualism,外国人：foreigner,1)Connotative Meaning 内涵,14,英汉词语内涵比较,动物：Dragon/dog/Peacock/magpie,自然界：,west wind,/moonlight/moonshine,颜色词语：,red/white/black/green/blue,数字词语：13,英汉词语内涵比较,15,英语和汉语中结构相同但词义并不相同的词。,Sweet water/an old daughter/dry goods,white night/Indian summer/guinea pig,Vice-chancellor/eat ones words,颜色词要特别注意,：,白菜/白熊/白蚁/白送/白开水,白饭/红运/红榜/红利,英语和汉语中结构相同但词义并不相同的词。,16,2)Stylistic Meaning,文体意义,Apart from their conceptual meanings,many words have stylistic features,which make them appropriate for different styles.,很多词除了其概念意义外，还有文体色彩，以适应不同的文体风格。,In some dictionaries,these stylistic features are clearly marked as,“,formal,informal,literary,archaic,slang,”,and so on.,2)Stylistic Meaning文体意义Apart,17,Compar,e,the following two groups of synonyms,.,leave,job,cant,tired,ad,depart,position,cannot,fatigued,advertisement,Compare the following two grou,18,3)Affective Meaning,情感意义,Affective meaning expresses the,speakers attitude,towards the person or thing in question.This meaning can be overtly and explicitly conveyed simply by the choice of the right words.,情感意义反映作者或说话人对所谈论的人或物、事态等表示的个人情感或态度。这种意义可以通过选用表情词直接了当地表现出来。,3)Affective Meaning情感意义Affec,19,Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories:,情感意义有2类：褒义和贬义,Appreciative,&,pejorative,/,derogative,.,Words of positive overtones are used to show,appreciation,or the,attitude of approval,;,欣赏或肯定,T,hose of negative connotations imply,disapproval,contempt,or,criticism,.,否定、轻蔑或批评,Words that have emotive values,20,little,famous,slim/slender,d,etermined,s,tatesman,c,onfidence,f,armer,publicity,s,mall,notorious,skinny,p,igheaded,p,olitician,c,omplacency,p,easant,propaganda,Tell which column contains the appreciative affective meaning.,little smallTe,21,4)Collocative Meaning,搭配意义,It is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words with which it co-occurs.,搭配意义即与之一起使用的词语所赋予的那部分意义。,Pretty,and,handsome,share common ground in the meaning good-looking,but may be distinguished by the range of nouns with which they are likely to co-occur.,4)Collocative Meaning搭配意义It,22,g,irl,boy,boy,man,woman car,flower vessel,pretty garden handsome overcoat,colour,airliner,village,