单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Individualism VS collectivism,1,、,What is individualism?,Individualism pertains,（属于）,to,societies in which the ties between,individuals are loose.Everyone is expected to look after himself or herself and his or her immediate family.,2,、,What is collectivism?,Collectivism pertains to societies in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong cohesive,(,凝聚力,),in-groups,which throughout peoples lifetime continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty,（绝对的忠诚）,.,Manifestation of Individualism,1,、,Personal privacy.,2,、,Personal freedom.,3,、,Personal equality.,4,、,Self-reliance.,5,、,Self-expression.,Manifestation of Collectivism,1,、,Group unity and harmony.,2,、,Group goals.,3,、,Hierarchy(,层次,)and interdependence,（相互依存）,.,4,、,Group-oriented(,为本,).,5,、,Loyalty,conformity,humility,.,Attitudes and behaviors,Individualism,Collectivism,Self,E,ach person is separate from each other;children learn to think in terms of,“,I,”,E,ach person is part of a group;children learn to think in terms of,“,we,”,Identity,Identity is based on the individual,Identity is based on the social network,Communication,Low-context,High-context,Social value,S,peak your mind and tell the truth,M,aintain harmony and avoid confrontations(,对抗,),Decision-making,P,ersonal freedom is more important,Equality is more important than personal freedom,Group membership,Fellow universal rules;,T,he decision-making process is important,F,ulfill obligations to in-group members;relationships are important,Conformity,T,he individual belongs to many groups but his attachment to them is relatively weak,T,he individual belongs to few groups but feels strongly attached to them,B,ehavior toward,I,n-group and,O,ut-group members,Group has relatively little influence on the behavior of group members,Group greatly influence the behavior of members,Relationships with,group members,R,elatively little difference in behavior toward in-group and out-group members,B,ig difference between in-group and out-group members,Competition,L,ess intimate,（亲密的）,with in-groups and less hostile,（敌意的）,to out-groups,C,ooperate with members of in-groups but not with members of out-groups,Cooperation,O,ccurs within groups as well as between groups,C,ooperate with members of in-groups but not with members of out-groups,Strangers,Value meeting new people;meet them easily,F,ormal and distant with strangers,Self-reliance,I,t is a pleasure to do as much by yourself as possible,P,eople depend on each other but should not burden in-group members unnecessarily,Typical relationship pattern,S,hort-term,Voluntary,L,ess intensive relationship,Long-term,I,nvoluntary,M,ore intensive relationship,American idioms and phrases,God helps those who help themselves.,men All are created equal.,Self-made,Self-absorption,Self-admiration,Self-centered,Self-fulfilling,（自我实现）,Chinese idioms and phrases,先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐,天下兴亡，匹夫有责,精忠报国，死而无憾,循规蹈矩,克己守道,三纲五常,贵有自知之明,人言可畏（死要面子）,Thirdly,，,the differences between individualism and collectivism can also be seen from the festivals of the two countries:,American traditional festivals mainly include:,Valentines Day(,情人节,),，,Halloween(,万圣节,),，,Mothers Day(,母亲节,),Fathers Day,（父亲节）,Christmas,（圣诞节,),etc.,Most of the American festivals stress the importance or the ecstasy(,狂欢,)of an individual.,1,、,Traditional Festival,Chinese traditional festivals include:,Tomb-sweeping Day(,清明节,),，,Dragon Boat Festival(,端午节,),，,Mid-autumn Day(,中秋节,),，,Spring Festival(,春节,),，,etc.,Chinese festivals mainly are chances that a family get together.It puts more emphasis on the family and its members.,2,、,Traditional festival,Advantages,Politics,Democracy in America,Economy,The thriving,（繁荣）,economic,Culture,Personal Heroism,（英勇）,Social life,Personal desire comes first,E,xcessive disparities in wealth,The existence of racial discrimination,Other social problems,Drug,Crime,Violence,Homosexuality,（同性恋）,Disadvantages,Individualism,Advantages,Community spirit,Cooperate,Economy,The thriving economic,Culture,C,ollective heroism,Social life,One,makes,comtributions,to group,Not everyone has the team spirit,Hierarchy and personal inequality,Leaders use public,power,for private gain,Selfish in human nature,Try to lazy and reduce payment as principle,Disadvantages,Collectivism,Thank you,