单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,这篇文章是英国哲学家罗素的名篇。,作者从身体健康、心理健康、对死亡的态度等方面分别阐述了自己对老年生活的看法，逻辑层次清晰，语言生动精炼。,全篇的结构层次：,段一健康问题；段二段三心理上的两种错误倾向；段四老年对个人以外的事情怀有强烈的兴趣和如何对待子女；段五对死亡的正确态度。,How to Grow Old,1,In spite of the title,this article will really be on how not to grow old,which at my time of life,is much more important subject.,怎样才能活到老/怎样才可以不老,1,As regards health,I have nothing useful to say since I have little experience of illness.I eat and drink whatever I like,and sleep when I cannot keep awake.I never do anything whatever on the ground that it is good for health,though in actual fact the things I like doing are mostly wholesome.,谈到健康问题，我没什么可说，因为我没怎么生过病。我想吃就吃，想喝就喝，想睡就睡，从不为健康而做什么，然而实际上我喜欢做的事大都有益于健康。,Psychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age.One of these is undue absorption in the past.It does not do to live in memories,in regrets for the good old days,or in sadness about friends who are dead.,2,Ones thoughts must be directed to the future,and to things about which there is something to be done.This is not always easy;ones own past is a gradually increasing weight.It is easy to think to oneself that ones emotions used to be more vivid than they are,and ones mind more keen.If this is true it should be forgotten,and if it is forgotten it will probably not be true.,3,从心理方面来说，到了老年，有两种危险倾向需要注意防止。一是沉湎于过去。老想着过去，不管是总觉得过去好，还是常因朋友已故而感伤，皆无济于事。,2,一个人应当着眼于未来，着眼于还可以有所作为的方面。要做到这一点并非容易；因为一个人的过去是一个越来越沉重的包袱。人们往往会对自己说，我过去感情多么丰富，思想多么敏锐，现在不行了。如果真是这样，就不要去想；如果不去想，情形就有可能不是这样了。,3,The other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of sucking vigor from its vitality.,4,When your children are grown up they want to live their own lives,and if you continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young,you are likely to become a burden to them,unless they are unusually callous.I do not mean that one should be without interest in them,but ones interest should be contemplative and,if possible,philanthropic,but not unduly emotional.,5,Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves,but human beings,owing to the length of infancy,find this difficult.,6,另一个需要防止的倾向就是老想和孩子呆在一起，希望从他们的活力中汲取力量。,4,孩子长大了，就想独立生活，如果你还像他们小时侯那样对他们大叮咛小嘱咐，你就可能成为他们的累赘，除非他们特别麻木。我不是说一个人不应当关心孩子，而是说这种关心应当是多为他着想，可能的话，给他们一些接济，而不是过于情绪化。,5,动物在自己的后代一旦能够生活自理后，便听之任之；人不一样，由于抚养子女的时间长，要父母做到这一点很难。,6,I think that a successful old age is easiest for those who have strong impersonal interests involving appropriate activities.,7,It is in this sphere that long experience is really fruitful,and it is in this sphere that the wisdom born of experience can be exercised without being oppressive.,8,It is no use telling grownup children not to make mistakes,both because they will not believe you,and because mistakes are an essential part of education.,9,But if you are one of those who are incapable of impersonal interests,you may find that your life will be empty unless you concern yourself with your children and grandchildren.In that case you must realize that while you can still render them material services,such as making them an allowance or knitting them jumpers,you must not expect that they will enjoy your company.,我认为，如果老年人能多关注个人以外的事情，参加一些对老年人合适的活动，晚年是最容易过得好的。,7,只有在这样的活动中，经验丰富才显得意义非凡；也只有在这样的活动中经验中得出的智慧才既找到了用武之地，而又不让人觉得是强加于人。,8,告诫成年子女不要犯错误，那是没有用的，一来他们不听你的，二来犯错误本来就是受教育不可缺少的环节。,9,但如果你不关注个人以外的事情，你就只能老惦记着儿孙，否则你就会觉得生活空虚无望。在这种情况下，你必须明白：虽然你还能给他们物质上的帮助，诸如给点零花钱或织几件毛衣，但你千万别指望他们会喜欢和你住在一起。,Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death.In the young there is a justification for this feeling.Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer.,10,But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows,and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do,the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble.The best way to overcome itso at least it seems to meis to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal,until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede,and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life.,11,有些老年人因怕死而惶惶不安。年轻人怕死是无可厚非的。如果年轻人有可能战死沙场，当想到生命赋予的美好生活他们还来不及享受就被夺走，他们会觉得痛苦害怕，这是情有可原的。,10,但对老年人来说，饱尝了人生的酸甜苦辣，业已完成该做的一切，还怕死就未免有些可鄙，有些不光彩了。要克服对死亡的恐惧，最好的办法,至少在我看来如此,就是逐渐扩大自己的兴趣范围，多关心一些个人以外的事情，慢慢地，自我的壁垒就会一点一点消退，个人的生命就渐渐地融入到整个世界中了。,11,An individual human existence should be like a riversmall at first,narrowly contained within its banks,and rushing passionately past rocks and over waterfalls.Gradually the river grows wider,the banks recede,the waters flow more quietly,and in the end,without any visible break,they become merged in the sea,and painlessly lose their individual being.The man who,in old age,can see his life in this way,will not suffer from the fear of death,since the things he cares for will continue.And if,with the decay of vitality,weariness increases,the thought of rest will not be unwelcome.,12,I should wish to die while still at work,knowing that oth