,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Logo,*,Click to edit Master title style,Logo,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,Logo,Anatomy,Contents,1,Etiology,2,Diagnosis,3,Treatment,4,Hypertension,5,Anatomy,The circulatory system consists of,the heart,、vessels and,n,eurohumoral,adjustable,devices,of blood circulation,.,The heart,a four-chambered pump.Its pumping action creates the pressure needed to push blood in the vessels to the lungs as well as to the rest of the body cells.,Location of the heart,The heart lies obliquely in the mediastinum,between the lungs,inside the thoracic cavity.About 2/3 of the heart is located to the left of the midline.,Shape of the heart,The heart is a hollow,four chambered muscular organ,which is approximately the size and shape of a clenched fist and weighs about 250-350g in adults.,General description of the heart,The heart looks like flattened and rounded pyramid that has an apex,a base,two surfaces and three borders(margins).,Cardiac apex,The cardiac apex is a free,cone-shaped end,which is made up only by the left ventricle.The cardiac apex is located at the level of the,left,5thintercostal space and,0.5,-,1,cm medial to the midclavicular line.This location is an important one for clinical purposes；for auscultation as well as for palpation.,Logo,Cardiac base,The cardiac base is primarily made up by the left atrium with a lesser contribution of the right atrium.,Grooves,There are three grooves on the surface of heart:the coronary sulcus,the anterior interventricular groove,the posterior interventricular groove.,Chambers of the heart,The heart is a four-chambered,double pump,consisting of the right and left atria above and the right and left ventricles below.,Right atrium,From the right margin of the heart.Receives blood from the superior vena cava,inferior vena cava and coronary sinus.,Right ventricle,Blood from the right atrium passes thought the tricuspid valve to fill the right ventricle.,Left atrium,located on the posterior aspect of the heart,，,receives blood from the pulmonary vein,Left ventricle,The left ventricle receives the blood from the left atrium.These two chambers are separated by the bicuspid(mitral)valve.,Structure of the heart,Structure of the heart wall,endocardium located in the interial surface heart atrium and ventricle wall.consist of every valve of the heart.The place is easily invased by Rheumatic diseases.,myocardium the majority of the heart wall,contains myocardioventricle and myocardiatrium.the former is thicker than the latter,especially left myocardioventricle.they don”t continue each other.,epicardium,Atrial septal,ventrial septal,pericardium fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium,Conduction system of the heart,It,consist,s,of special myocardial fibers,form,s,a knot or bundle,locat,es,in the heart wall,.,The system,has,the character of,generat,ing,excitement,conduct,ing,impulse and maintaining normal rhythm of the heart beat,.,sinuatrial node,locates in the epicardial deep surface between superior vena cava and right auricle,normal heart pacemaker.,atrioventricular node,locates in the endocardial deep surface,between coronary sinus and right atrioventricular orifice,conducts impulse from sinuatrial node into,cardio,ventricle,from.,atrioventricular bundle,the only important way of linking the heart atrium with ventrile.,its branches,.,Heart Vessels,Arteries and Veins,Ascending aorta,Source,left ventricle of the heart;branches:left and right coronary artery,continues as aortic arch;.,Left coronary artery,Source,ascending aorta;branches：anterior interventricular branches and circumflex branches.,Right coronary artery,Source,ascending aorta；branches：sinoatrial nodal branches,right marginal branches,posterior interventricular branches,atrioventricular nodal branches.,Coronary sinus formed by union of great cardiac vein and oblique vein of left atrium;tributaries:middle cardiac vein,small cardiac vein.,Pathway of blood circulation,systemic circulation,left ventricle contract and eject arterial blood into aorta,pass away its branches into capillaries,exchange with substances and gases by production of different tissues or cells,then transform into vein blood and return the right atrium.,pulmonary circulation,right ventricle contract and eject phelbial blood into pulmonary artery,pass away its branches into capillaries,exchange with oxygen from lung alveoluses,then transform into arterial blood and return the left atrium.,Risk factors or causes for heart disease,Smoking/intemperance,High cholesterol k”lestrl,hyperlipidemia,Diabetes,Obesity/mal-nutrition,exercise too little,Family history,Hypertension/hypotention,Congenital malformation,Peripheral artery disease,virus,or bacterial,infection,poisoning,Age/sex,Physiological degeneration,Chronic symptoms,cardic symptoms,chest distress,palpitation,angina pectoris,pulmonary circulat