,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Dr.Jinbo Fu,Chapter1:Preface,*,Sensor/Transducer Technology,传感器技术,Instructor:Dr.Jinbo Fu(,符金波,),Ph.D.of Mechanical Engineering,Penn State Univ.,USA,M.S.of Electrical Engineering,Penn State Univ.,USA,M.S.of Mechanical Engineering,Penn State Univ.,USA,M.E.of Precision Instrument,Tsinghua Univ.,PRC,B.E.of Precision Instrument,Tsinghua Univ.,PRC,Office Address:,Room528,Central Building,Tel:13951885178;,Email:,Dr.Jinbo Fu,Chapter1:Preface,1,Tips for this class,课程注意事项,Prerequisite,课程必备条件,Wide range of knowledge in Physics,Mechanics,Electronics,Machinery,Optics,etc.,物理、力学、电子学、机械、光学等等广泛的知识,Good attitude&some devotion,好的学习态度,+,一些投入,Some rules of this class,本课的一些规定,Rules of absence,缺课的规定,allow 1 absence w/prior notice,允许事先请假缺课一次,Rules of homework,家庭作业的规定,homework is due in class a week from the assignment,家庭作业布置一周后在课堂上提交,Rules of class interaction,课堂互动,please raise your hand,speak loud and clear in English or Chinese,请先举手，然后用英文或中文大声回答,Dr.Jinbo Fu,Chapter1:Preface,2,Chapter0:Preface,绪论,1.2,传感器的作用和重要性,Functions and importance of sensor,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,传感器的定义和组成,Definition and composition of sensor,传感器的分类和要求,Classification and requirement of sensor,传感器开发的新趋势,New trend and direction of sensor R&D,Dr.Jinbo Fu,Chapter1:Preface,3,Chapter0:Preface,绪论,身体与机器人的对应关系,传感器是获取自然领域中信息的主要途径与手段,Dr.Jinbo Fu,Chapter1:Preface,4,The functions of sensor,传感器的作用,传感器实际上是一种功能块,(function module),，其作用是将来自外界的各种信号转换成电信号,(electric signal),。,传感器所检测的信号近来显著地增加，因而其品种也极其繁多。为了对各种各样的信号进行检测、控制，就必须获得尽量简单易于处理的信号，这样的要求只有电信号能够满足。电信号能较容易地进行放大,(amplify),、反馈,(feedback),、滤波,(filter),、微分,(differentiate),、存贮,(store),、远距离操作,(remote control),等。,Dr.Jinbo Fu,Chapter1:Preface,5,The importance of sensor,传感器的重要性,作为人脑,(human brain),的一种模仿,(imitation),，电子计算机的发展极为迅速，可是起感觉模仿作用的传感器却发展很慢，因而如果不进行传感器的开发，现在的电子计算机将不能适应实际需要。现代社会要求传感器,(sensor),、电子计算机,(computer),和执行器,(activator),三者都能相互协调才行。,这样，传感器就成了现代科学的中枢神经系统,(central nerve system),，它日益受到人们的普遍重视，这已成为现代传感器技术的必然趋势。,Dr.Jinbo Fu,Chapter1:Preface,6,The applications of sensor,传感器的应用,传感器技术在工业自动化,(Industrial automation),、军事国防,(Military defense),和以宇宙探索,(Space exploration),、海洋开发,(Ocean exploitation),为代表的尖端科学与工程等重要领域有广泛应用。,同时，它正以自己的巨大潜力，向着与人们生活密切相关的方面渗透；生物工程,(Bio-engineering),、医疗卫生,(Medical care),、环境保护,(Environmental protection),、安全防范,(Security enforcement),、家用电器,(Household appliances),、网络家居,(Network housing),等方面的传感器已层出不穷，并在日新月异地发展。,Dr.Jinbo Fu,Chapter1:Preface,7,The definition of sensor,传感器的定义,广义定义：,能感受规定的被测量并按照一定的规律转换成可用输出信号的器件,(device),或装置,(apparatus),。,狭义定义：,将外界的输入信号变换为电信号的一类元件,(element),。,传感器,来自外界的信号,电信号,Dr.Jinbo Fu,Chapter1:Preface,8,The definition of sensor,传感器的定义,传感器是一种以一定的精确度,(accuracy),把被测量转换为与之有确定对应关系的、便于应用的某种物理量,(physical quantity),的测量装置。,其包含以下下几个方面的意思：,传感器是测量装置，能完成检测,(test),任务,它的输入量是某一被测量，可能是物理量,(physical quantity),，也可能是化学量,(chemical quantity),、生物量,(biological quantity),等,输出量是某种物理量，这种量要便于传输,(transport),、转换,(transform),、处理,(process),、显示,(display),等，这种量可以是气,(gas),、光,(light),、电,(electricity),，但主要是电量。输入输出有对应关系,(correspondence),，且应有一定的精确度,(accuracy),。,Dr.Jinbo Fu,Chapter1:Preface,9,The composition of sensor,传感器的组成,电量,被测量,敏感元件,转化元件,转换电路,注：有的书上不包括虚线后部分,传感器一般由,敏感元件,(Sensing element),、转换元件,(Transducing element),、转换电路,(Transforming circuit),三部分组成：,有些传感器很简单，仅由一个敏感元件（兼作转换元件）组成，它感受被测量时直接输出电量。如热电偶,(,thermocouple,),。,有些传感器由敏感元件和转换元件组成，没有转换电路。,有些传感器，转换元件不止一个，要经过若干次,(multiple),转换。,Dr.Jinbo Fu,Chapter1:Preface,10,The classification of sensor,传感器的分类,传感器种类繁多，目前常用的分类有两种：,以被测量来分,(based on measurements),以传感器的原理来分,(based on principles),被测量类别,被,测,量,热工量,Quantity of thermal engineering,温度,temperature,、热量,quantity of heat,、比热,specific heat,、压力,pressure,、压差,differential pressure,、真空度,vacuum degree,、流量,volume of flow,、流速,velocity of flow,、风速,air speed,机械量,Quantity of mechanical engineering,位移,displacement,（线,linear,位移、角,angular,位移）、尺寸,size,、形状,shape,；力,force,、力矩,torque,、应力,stress,、重量,weight,、质量,mass,、转速,speed of rotation,、线速度,linear velocity,；振动幅度,amplitude of vibration,、频率,frequency,、加速度,acceleration,、噪声,noice,按被测量来分类,Dr.Jinbo Fu,Chapter1:Preface,11,The classification of sensor,传感器的分类,按被测量来分类,被测量类别,被,测,量,物性和成分量,Physical properties&compositions,气体化学成分,chemical composition of gas,、液体化学成分,chemical composition of liquid,；酸碱度（,PH,值）、盐度,salinity,、浓度,concentration,、粘度,viscocity,、密度,density,、比重,proportion,状态量,Quantity of state,颜色,color,、透明度,clarity,、磨损量,amount of wear,、材料内部裂缝或缺陷,internal fracture or defect of material,、气体泄漏,air leak,、表面质量,surface quality,Dr.Jinbo Fu,Chapter1:Preface,12,The classification of sensor,传感器的分类,按传感器原理来分类,电阻式,resistive,，光电式,photoelectric,（红外式,infrared,、光导纤维式,optical fiber,），电感式,inductive,，谐振式,resonant,，电容式,capacitive,，霍尔式,hall,（磁式,magnetic,），阻抗式,impedance,（电涡流式,eddy current,），超声式,ultrasonic,，磁电式,electromagnetic,，同位素式,isotopic,，热电式,electrothermic,，电化学式,electrochemical,，压电式,piezoelectric,，微波式,microwave,Dr.Jinbo Fu,Chapter1:Preface,13,The purpose of classification,分类的目的,了解,各类传感器的工作,原理,(principles),、主要,性能,(performance),及其,特点,(charact