汉英翻技巧译第一讲词类转译法,第一章 词类转译法,一、汉语的动词转换成英语的名词,二、汉语的动词转换成英语的形容词,三、汉语的动词转换成英语的介词或介词词组,四、汉语的形容词或副词转换成英语的名词,五、汉语的名词转换成英语的动词,课前练习,他总是喝很多酒。,He is a great drinker.,他这个人最爱说话了。,He is a great talker.,他妹妹老是说谎。,His sister is a great liar.,我儿子拉洋车。,My son is a rickshaw puller.,很难把这部小说列入哪一个类型中去。,This novel defies easy classification.,他们教导我们要珍惜每一个机会。,They taught us the value of an opportunity.,他长期以来习惯于在最后一分钟作出决定。,He has long been used to last-minute decisions.,她对他们越来越憎恨。,Her hatred for them grew more.,他酷爱古典音乐。,He is an ardent lover of classical music.,他指挥着一个团。,He is a commander of a regiment.,他谋杀了他的老板。,He is the murderer of his boss.,他统治那个地区长达20年之久。,He had been the ruler of that region for as long as twenty years.,11 点时，他已睡在被窝里。,He was between sheets by eleven.,许多学生反对他。,Many students are against him.,记住我永远支持你。,Remember that I am always with you.,那个家伙老是滔滔不绝讲个不停。,That fellow is very talkative.,他读书时不加选择。,He is indiscriminate in reading.,他们迫切地想弄到消息。,They were news-hungry.,你们现在得走了。,You must be off now.,演出已经开始了。,The Performance is on.,她非常漂亮。,She is a real beauty.,那个家伙笨得出奇。,That fellow is a typical fool.,在翻译实践中，要做到既忠实于原文又符合译文语言规范，有时就需要适当改变一些词类，即把原文中属于某种词类的词在译文中转换成另一种词类。这就是翻译上通常所说的“词类转换”。,词类转换是汉译英中很重要的手段之一，运用得当，可使译文通顺流畅，符合英语习惯，否则译文可能变得生硬累赘。现将汉译英时最常见的词类转换现象介绍如下：,一.汉语的动词转换成英语的名词,汉语中动词用得较多，除大量的动宾结构外，还有,连动式、兼语式,等两个以上动词连用的现象。而英语则不然，一句话往往只用一个谓语动词，而且英语的名词也比汉语的名词用得多。由于两种语言各自所具有的这种特点，汉译英时常常需要把汉语动词转换成英语名词。有时，随着汉语动词的这种转换，修饰该动词的副词也自然需要转换。请看下列例句：,（1）你必须好好地照顾病人。,You must take good care of the patient.,(2)他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。,In his speech he laid special stress on raising the quality of the products.,(3)绝对不许违反这个原则。,No violation of this principle can be tolerated.,二.汉语动词转换成英语的形容词,汉语中的一些表示,知觉、情感等心理状态,的动词，往往可以转换成英语形容词，通常多以“be+形容词”结构来表达。例如：,获悉贵国遭受地震，我们极为关切。,We are deeply concerned at the news that your country has been struck by an earthquake.,我为她的健康担忧。,I am anxious about her health.,他们怀疑他是否能负担得起。,They are doubtful whether he can afford it.,三.汉语动词转换成英语的介词或介词词组,与汉语相比，英语用介词较多，而且有一些英语介词本是由动词演变而来的，具有动词的特征。因此在汉译英时，汉语的一些动词常常可用英语的介词或介词词组来翻译。如：,孩子们都上一个学堂。,The children are in the same school.,我们对待世界大战这个问题的态度是，第一，反对；第二，不怕。,Our attitude on the question of world war is,first,we are against it,second,we are not afraid of it.,我们全体赞成他的建议。,We were all in favor of his suggestion.,我们不顾一切困难，挫折，坚持战斗。,They kept on fighting in spite of all difficulties and setbacks.,四.汉语的形容词或副词转换成英语的名词,在汉译英时，有时由于语法结构和修辞上的需要，也可以把汉语的一些形容词或副词转译成英语的名词。例如：,他用热情的款待把他的窘态遮盖过去。,He covered up his embarrassment with the enthusiasm of his hospitality.,街中的一切逐渐消失在灰暗的暮色里。,Everything was gradually disappearing into a pall of grey.,在全国文明礼貌月中，所有城市必须搞好卫生，清除混乱和不礼貌现象。,During the National Civic Virtues Month,all the cities must clean up,and banish disarray and discourtesy.,五.汉语的名词转换成英语动词,在汉译英中，比较普遍的现象是汉语动词转换成英语的名词。但也有相反情况，即汉语的名词转换成英语的动词。与此同时，原来修饰该名词的形容词也常随之而转换成英语的副词，作为状语来修饰由汉语名词转换成的英语动词。例如：,他的讲演给听众的印象很深。,His speech impressed the audience deeply.,大部分学生对老师态度很恭敬。,Most students behaved respectfully towards their teacher.,该厂产品的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。,The products of this factory are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship and durability.,她在最后的一幕里占了很突出的地位。,She figured prominently in the last act.,