单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,句 子 成 分,Members of a Sentence,句 子 成 分,*句子成分由词或词组充当,英语的基本成分有七种:,_和_,主语(,subject)、,谓语(,predicate)、,表语(,predicative)、,宾语(,object)、,定语(,attribute)、,状语,(adverbial),补语(,complement)。,*句子成分由词或词组充当英语的基本成分有七种:_,英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。,掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,一:(主谓),二:(主系表),三:(主谓宾),四:(主谓间宾直宾),五:(主谓宾宾补),英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略,基本句型 一:(主谓),主语:可以作主语的成分有名词,主格代词,动词不定式,动名词等等。主语一般在句首。,谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。不及物动词(,vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构,,如:,We come.,基本句型 一:(主谓)主语:可以作主语的成分有名词,(不及物动词),1.The sun,rose.,2.Who,cares?,3.What he said,does not matter.,4.They,talked for half an hour.,5.The pen,writes smoothly,此句型的句子有一个,共同特点,,即句子的谓语,动词,都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。,(不及物动词)1.The sunrose.,基本句型 二:(主系表),此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子,谓语动词,都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类,动词,叫做连系动词。,基本句型 二:(主系表)此句型的句子有一个,系动词,分两类:,be,look,keep,seem,等,表情况;,get,grow,become,turn,等属另一类,表变化。,be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。,感官动词,多可用作连系动词:,look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好,smell bad/难闻,系动词分两类:be,look,keep,seem等,表,(是系动词)(表语),1.This,is,an English-Chinese dictionary.,2.The dinner,smells,good.,3.He,fell,in love.,4.Everything,looks,different.,5.He,is growing,tall and strong.,6.Our well,has gone,dry.,7.His face,turned,red.,(是系动词)(表语)1.This is,*,There be 结构,:,There be 表示存在有。这里的there没有实际意义,不可与副词there那里混淆。,此结构后跟名词,表示(存在)有某事物,试比较:,There is a boy there,.(那儿有一个男孩。),前一个there无实意,后一个there为副词那里。,*There be 结构:There be 表示存在有,基本句型 三:(主谓宾),此句型句子的,共同,特点,是:谓语动词,都具有实义,,,都是主语产生的动作,,但不能表达完整的意思,,必须跟有一个宾语,,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。,基本句型 三:(主谓宾)此句型句子的共同特,(及物动词)(宾语),1.Who,knows,the answer?,2.He,has refused,to help them.,3.He,enjoys,reading.,4.He,said,Good morning.,5.He,admits,that he was mistaken.,(及物动词)(宾语)1.Who knows,基本句型 四:(主谓间宾直宾),有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,,eg:,give,/,pass,/,bring,/,show,。这两个宾语通常一个指人,(间接宾语);一个指物(直接宾语)。,-Give me a cup of tea please.,-Show this house to Mr.Smith.,-Bring it to me,please.,基本句型 四:(主谓间宾直宾)有些及,(及物)(多指人)(多指物),She,ordered,herself,a new dress.,2.He,brought,you,a dictionary.,3.I,showed,him,my pictures.,4.I,told,him,that the bus was late.,5.He,showed,me,how to run the machine.,(及物)(多指人)(多指物)She,基本句型 五:(主谓宾宾补),此句型的句子的,共同特点,是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个,补充成分,来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。,宾语补足语,:位于,宾语之后,对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作,宾语补足语的有名词,形容词,不定式,动名词,分词,介词短语等。,基本句型 五:(主谓宾宾补)此句型的,The war made him a,soldier,.,New methods make the job,easy.,I often find him,at work,.,The teacher ask the students,to close,the windows.,I saw a cat,running,across the road.,名词,/代词宾格+n./adj./介词短语/动词不定式/分词,名词/代词宾格+n./adj./介词短语/动词不定式/,(及物)(宾语)(宾补),1.They,painted,the door,green.,2.This,set,them,thinking.,3.They,found,the house,deserted.,4.He,asked,me,to come back soon.,5.I,saw,them,getting on the bus.,(及物)(宾语)(宾补)1.The,a,,b,,c,,d,,e,,1,Pleas tell us a story._,2,She smiled._,3.I have a lot work to do._,4.His job is to train swimmers._,5.He noticed a man enter the room._,6.Please look at the picture._,d,a,e,b,e,c,a,b,c,1,,但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短,除了基本句型的成分不变外,通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些,修饰语,而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是,单词,(,adj./adv./num.数词),短语,(主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语)。我们称之为:,定语、状语,The,little,boy needs a,blue,pen.,但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短,除了基本句型的成分,一、定语:,定语是对名词或代词起,修饰,、,限定,作用的词、短语或句子,译为,的,定语通常位于被修饰的,成分前,。,复合不定代词,(,something/nothing)之后;,不定式,/,分词短语,/从句作定语,时要放在被修饰的成分后;,副词,用作定语时须放在名词,之后,。,一、定语:定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句,Two boys need,two,pens.,His,name is Tom.,The boy,in blue,is Tom.,The boy,there,needs a pen.,The boy needs a,ball,pen.,There is nothing,to do,today.,The pen,bought by her,is made in China.,The boy,you will know,is Tom.,Two boys need two pens.,二、状语:,状语修饰,动词,、,形容词,、,副词,或,全句,的句子成分,说明,方式,、,因果,、,条件,、,时间,、,地点,、,让步,、,方向,、,程度,、,目的,等,-The boy needs a pen,now,.,-The boy needs a pen,very much,.,可用作状语的有副词,不定式,分词,介词短语,,从句等,。,二、状语:状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的句子成分,说明方,In the classroom,the boy needs a pen.,在教室里,男孩需要一支钢笔。(地点状语),Before his mother,Tom is always a boy.,在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语),On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom.,星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语),介词短语作状语:,介词短语作状语:,He sits there,asking for a pen,.,他坐在那儿要一支笔。(表示伴随状态),Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen.,因为不得不完成作业,男孩需要一支笔。(原因状语),Frightened,he sits there soundlessly.,(因为)受了惊吓,他无声地坐在那儿。(原因状语),分词(短语)作状语:,分词(短语)作状语:,The boy needs a pen,to do his homework,.,男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。(目的状语),To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business.,为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.,不定式作状语:,不定式作状语:,状语从句:,时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、,结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、,让步状语从句、条件状语从句,-We chatted,as we walked along.,-,Even if she laughs at him,he adores her.,状语从句:-We chatted as we walked,三、同位语:,同位语,当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,,一个句子成分,用来说明和解释另一个句子成分,这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。,We,students,should study hard.,(students是we的同位语,都是指同一批学生),We,all,are students.,(all是we的同位语,都指同样的我们),三、同位语:同位语 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,四、独立成分:,与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的,独立成分,感叹词:,oh,hello,aha,ah,等。,肯定词,:,yes,否定词,:,no,称呼语:,称呼人的用语。,插入语:,一些句中插入的,I think,I believe,等。,如,:The story,I think,has never come to the end.,我相信,这个故事还远没结束.,四、独立成分:与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分,一,)挑出下列句中的宾语,My brother hasnt done his homework.,People al