语法,介词及介词短语,考纲解读,1.,掌握表示方位、时间、工具、手段、方式、原因等介词的基本用法,2.,掌握介词短语的用法,3.,掌握动词短语的用法,规律分析,高考考查的重点主要集中在介词短语、常见介词的意义以及介词与其他词性的固定搭配等方面。,主要考查的介词有,against,，,for,，,at,，,across,，,of,，,off,等，,而常考的介词短语主要集中在以,in,、,with,开头的短语上。,介词的分类,介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，介词后一定要接宾语构成介词短语，做宾语的通常是名词、代词或动名词或,what,从句。,介词分为：,1,、简单介词，如,at,in,for,等；,2,、合成介词，如,within,inside,onto,throughout,等；,3,、短语介词，如,according to,out of,because of,by means of,in spite of,instead of,等；,4,、双重介词，如,from behind/above/under,until after,等；,5,、分词介词，如,considering,including,judging(from/by),等。,一、方位介词,1,above,，,over,，,on,；,below,，,under,，,beneath,(1)above,侧重于相对水平高度，不一定在正上方，其反义词是,below,。,(2)over,侧重于垂直高度，即位于正上方，其反义词是,under,。,(3)on,侧重于与物体表面接触，其反义词是,beneath,。,A plane is flying,the mountain.,有一架飞机在山的上方飞。,There is a bridge,the river.,河上有一座桥。,There is a lamp,the desk.,书桌上有一个台灯。,From the hill,we can see a river,us.,从这座小山上，我们能看见下面的一条河。,There is a cat,the chair.,椅子底下有一只猫。,above,over,on,below,under,2,across,，,over,，,through,，,past,across,意为“横穿,穿越”，表示运动发生在物体的表面。,over,意为“跨过，越过”，表示运动发生在物体的上方。,through,意为“穿过，通过”，表示运动发生在某物的空间内。,past,意为“从,旁经过”，表示运动发生在某物的旁边。,The Great Wall winds its way,west to east,_,desert,，,mountains,，,valleys till at last it reaches the sea.,from,through,over,across,3,in,，,on,，,to,off,在方位名词前的区别,in,表示在范围之内；,to,表示在某范围之外的地方；,on,表示“毗邻”“接壤”。,Off,表示“在,的外面；在,的沿海；偏离”，表示两地间隔着一段距离。,in,to,Shandong Province is/lies,the east of China.,Japan is/lies,the east of China.,The Pacific Ocean is,the east of China.,He lives in a village a little way _ the main road.,on,off,at,、,on,、,in,at,在较小的场所,at the door,，,at the airport,，,at the station,，,at 55 Park Street,，,in,在较大的场所,in China,，,in the north,，,in Asia,，,on,在,的平面上。,on the desk,，,on the wall,二、时间介词,介词,in,的用法如下。,表示在,某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、季、月、周等,，一般用介词,in,，如：,in the 1990s,，,in the year,，,in January,，,in(the)winter/summer/fall/spring,，,in the first week of May,。,还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如：,in a while,，,in no time,（马上），,in the daytime,，,in a short while,，,in time,，,in the morning(afternoon,，,evening),。,注意：,at night/at noon,，,in the day(,在白天,),，,in the night(,在夜间,),。,in five days(weeks,，,months,，,years),中,in,意思是“在,以后”。,在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕,，常用,on,。,on,Sunday(s,),，,on Tuesday morning,on Christmas Day(,但,at Christmas),，,on Christmas Eve,，,on Childrens Day,on March 8,，,on the morning(afternoon,，,evening)of Oct.1,early on the morning of Oct.1(,区别：,in the late/early morning of Oct.1),on a rainy night,，,on warm winter days,表示某一时刻或某一点时间用,at,，如小时、分钟等,。,at breakfast(supper,，,lunch),，,at six,at noon(sunrise,，,sunset,，,midday,，,night,，,midnight,，,dawn),at the age of 15,，,at the time of war,(,但,in time of danger/trouble),注意：有些时间名词前不接介词,。,next day,，,last Sunday,，,that morning,，,these years,one,，,each,，,any,，,every,，,some,，,all,修饰时，一般不用介词，如,some day,，,one day,，,all afternoon,。,till,，,until,的用法。,Till(until),与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。,He waited for me till twelve oclock.,He didnt get up,till(until,)10 a,m.(,不可用,to),注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用,till,而用,until,。,Not until 9 a,m.did,Mr.Smith,come back to school.,in,，,later,，,after,，,by,in,一段时间：表示说话时为起点一段时间之后，与一般将来时连用；但表示“在,之内”时，用于各种时态。,一段时间,+,later,：在,之后,after+,时间：在,之后,by+,一段时间：到,为止（注意：,by the end of+,过去时间,将来时间）,I,will finish,the work,in three days(=after three days/three days later),.,He,left,home two days later after two days.(,过去时间）,I,will have finished,the work,by the end of tomorrow,.,I,had finished,the work by,the end of yesterday,.,另外，,in,一段时间,s,time,与,within,一段时间的用法如下：,in a weeks time,in a week,They will arrive in three days time.(,与将来时连用,),My brothers birthday is in two weeks time.(,作表语,),Ill finish the book within two weeks.(within,in less than.,用于各种时态，意为“不超出，在,之内”,),2.for,，,from,，,since,for,后接时段的名词词组，表示行为状态持续了多久。,from,接时间点的名词词组，表示行为或状态的起始点，而不涉及其持续时间的长短。,since,接时间点的名词词组，不仅表示行为或状态的起始点，而且还强调该行为或状态从起始点一直持续到此时此刻，因而与延续性动词的现在完成时连用。,1,、,Mr.Brown enjoyed the country life and lived there _ almost fifteen years after his retirement.,2,、,My younger sister began to learn dancing _the age of five.,3,、,He has been working in Tibet _ he graduated from college.,for,from,since,三、工具、手段、方式介词,名词前有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等时用,on/in,。,travel to New York in this plane,；,go to school on my bike,【,说明,】,步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用,on,。,on foot,，,on horseback,on a horse,，,on the camel,1.by,，,in,，,on,三词都表示旅行的方式。,by sea,by water,by land,by bike,by plane,by ship boat,by,speaceship,2,、表示方式、手段、工具的介词,by the year/hour/day,按年,/,小时,/,天。如：,He rent a house by the year(day,，,hour),(,按,by,the,单位名称,),。,表泛指的方式、手段,by post/mail,邮寄，,by telephone(radio)(,但,on the phone/on the radio/on TV),，,by electricity,用电，,by machinery,用电器，,by hard work,，,learn,sth,.by heart,，,through,the satellite,，,through practice,，,through his own efforts,，,through experience,，,through the telescope,另外：,by means of,用,方法，,by way of,经由，取道于；用,方法，,with the help(permission)of sb./with,sb.s,help(permission),。,表方式、手段的其他用法,He beat the dog with a,stick.(,with,工具,/,机器,),One smells with his nose.(,with,人体器官，但,by hand,手工，用手,),He stood up with pride.(,with,情绪、情感、态度的名词,),注意：使用语言、材料、文字等用,in,。,如：,in English(ink,，,pencil),。另外如：,in high(good,，,low)spirit