,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,The diagnosis and treatment of acute mesenteric arterial,embolism and,thrombosis,中大医院急诊科,姜井颂,案例,患者为,47,岁男性,因,“,反复腹部胀痛,5d,,加重,1d,”,于,2010,年,11,月,3,日入院。入院时查体:,T 37,C,,,P 72,次,/min,,,R 20,次,/min,,,BP,130/90 mmHg,。患者神志清楚,痛苦面容,发育正常,营养中等,主动平卧位,诊查合作。心肺听诊未见异常。腹部平坦,未见腹壁静脉曲张,全腹有压痛,(+),,反跳痛(,),叩诊呈实音。肝脾肋下未及,,Murphy,征阴性,未扪及腹部肿物,腹水征可疑,肠鸣音减弱,约,1,2,次,/min,。肛检正常。辅助检查:血常规示白细胞,18.010,9,/L,、中性粒细胞比例,0.915,、血红蛋白,105 g/L,、红细胞压积,0.334,,生化、血淀粉酶正常、尿淀粉酶偏高,凝血五项正常。心电图示:,T,波改变,胸片未见异常。腹部,B,超示:腹腔中等量积液(血)、胆囊壁毛糙、肝脏、脾脏及胰腺未见明显异常。全腹部,CT,示:胰腺及胰周改变,考虑急性胰腺炎。初步诊断?患者还需要完善哪些检查,?,概述,急性肠系膜动脉栓塞,(acure mesenteric artery embolism,,,AMAE),在临床上是一种极危重的急腹症,临床发率虽然不高,约占住院患者的,0.1%【1】,,但其起病急,进展迅,病情凶,误诊率高,90%95%【2】,及病死率高,70%90%【3】,。,【1】Stamatakos M,,,Stefanaki C,,,Mastrokalos D,,,et al,Mesenteric ischemia:still a deadly puzzle for the medical community,Tohoku J Exp Med,,,2008,,,216(3):197-204,【,2】,Safioleas MC,Moulakakls KG,PaPavassiliouVG,et al.Acute mesenteric ischaemia,a highly lethal disease with a devastating OuteomeJ.Vasa,2006,35(2):1062111,.,【3】,李培亮,仝麟龙,李红普,.42,例缺血性肠病临床探讨,J.,白求恩军医学院学报,2007,2(5):8.,概述,AMI comprises 4 different primary clinical entities【1】,:,mesenteric arterial embolism(AMAE)(40%50%),;,a,nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia(NOMI)(20%),;,mesenteric venous thrombosis(MVT)(10%),。,cute,mesenteric arterial thrombosis(AMAT)(25%30%),;,【1】Khoshini R,Garrett B,et al.The role of radiologic studies in the diagnosis of mesenteric ischemia J.Med Gen Med,2004,6:23-25.,概述,静息胃肠道血循环约占心排量的,25%,,进食后达,35%,,,70%,血运直接灌注于肠道的黏膜和黏膜下层,其余的提供于浆膜和肌层。,在腹腔干、肠系膜上下动脉三支中,以,SMA,栓塞最为常见,而在,SMA,栓塞中,,15%,的栓塞位于,SMA,起始部,,50%,位于,SMA,的第一分支血管,即结肠中动脉开口的远心端。,1/3,的,SMA,栓塞病人既往有其他部位栓塞病史,如四肢动脉,脑动脉栓塞等。,【1】,【1】,辛世杰,王 雷,.,急性肠系膜血管缺血性疾病病因及处理,中国实用外科杂志,2009,年,11,月 第,29,卷 第,11,期,流行病学,incidence,:,8.6/100,000 person years,increasing exponentially with age(p0.73g/L,有较好诊断价值,特异性,(60.3%),和灵敏性,(90.6%)【1】,。,【1】ACOSTA S,,,NILSSON T K,,,BJORCK M.D-dimer testing in patients with suspected acute thromboembolic occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery,J,.Br J Surg,,,2004,,,91(8):991-994,.,实验室检查,乳酸盐:晚期可升高,如果持续在参考范围内可排除,SME,的诊断(敏感性,96%,,特异性,60%,)。,磷酸盐:,Serum phosphate levels continued to rise,as the duration of ischemia was prolonged.,【1】,肠型脂肪酸结合蛋白,:,The intestinal fatty acid binding protein,(,IFABP)levels play in the diagnosis of acute intestinal ischemia is unclear【1】,【1】Original Research Article,The Journal of Emergency Medicine,Volume 42,Issue 6,June 2012,Pages 741-747,影像学,腹部平片,早期无明显改变,但腹平片可除外腹痛的其他原因,如内脏穿孔伴随的腹腔内游离气体。,通常病程晚期可出现肠梗阻、肠壁水肿增厚、肠道积气和肠壁积气征,但不具特异性。,肠壁指压征和门静脉的气体都是晚期的发现。,影像学,结肠缺血患者钡剂造影,降结肠不规则和黏膜水肿,横结肠远段下缘因黏膜水肿而形成指压征,(,箭头,),影像学,肠壁积气,降结肠壁内气囊,影像学,CT,检查诊断特异性和敏感性可达到,100%,和,73%【1】,为确定性诊断首选方法,【2】,可以显示肠壁积气、门静脉气体、肠壁和,/,或肠系膜的水肿、异常的气体分布、指纹征、肠系膜条纹及实质器官的坏死。,肠壁水肿在,CT,扫描上是最常见的改变,它可以显示黏膜下层液体的渗透或坏死肠段的出血。,增强可发现肠系膜上动脉主干充盈缺损,肠壁强化,【,1】Kirkpatrick ID,Kroeker M A,Greenberg HM.Biphasic CT with mensenteric CT angiography in the evaluation of acute menserteric ischem ia:initial experienceJ.Radiology,2003,229:91-98.,【,2】Furukawa A,,,Kanasaki S,,,Kono N,,,et al,CT diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischemia from various causes,AJR Am J Roentgenol,,,2009,,,192(2):408-416,影像学,左图为入院第五天,CT,扫描所见,口服或静脉给予造影剂后显示结肠广泛扩张(箭头),但未见梗阻性包块或肠壁增厚。第七天结肠穿孔。,发病第,5,天,发病第,7,天,影像学,73,岁男性,急性上腹痛、腹胀,;,门脉系统可见气体,手术见腹腔动脉、肠系膜上动脉、肠系膜下动脉狭窄和广泛肠壁梗死,影像学,CT,血管造影检查,敏感性为,71%,96%,,特异性为,93,97%,。,与同传统的血管造影相比,,CT,血管造影还不是规范的判断标准,但属非侵袭入性、患者容易接受。,连续,CT,血管造影可用以监测采用抗凝治疗的非外科手术患者。,影像学,Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI)and Magnetic Resonance Angiography(MRA),similar to those of CT scanning in AMI.MRA has a sensitivity of 100%and a specificity of 91%.It is particularly effective for evaluating MVT.,Despite its high sensitivity,MRI is not yet as practical as CT in the setting of suspected AMI,because of the cost and the time required for the examination.,影像学,超声检查,多普勒超声检查方便快捷,但敏感性不及血管造影,其准确率变异较大,在,50%,80%,之间,通常作为本病的首选筛查方法,【1】,。,可发现门静脉的气体、胆道疾病、腹膜的游离液体、增厚的肠壁和壁内气体,可以显示受累动脉或静脉的血栓或血流缺损。,【1】,万远廉 姜勇 血运障碍性肠梗阻的诊断与治疗 论著 中华普,外科手术,学杂志,2011,年,8,月 第,5,卷 第,3,期,影像学,血管造影术,【1】,为诊断和手术前准备的规范标准,也是治疗的重要组成部分。,【1】,汪正武,张伟飞,孙承,等,.,急性肠系膜上动脉血栓形成的螺旋,CT,诊断,J,.,放射学实践,,2008,,,23(2):172-173.,影像学,血管造影术,79,岁男性,动脉造影,大动脉粥样硬化严重,SMA,影像学,SMA,胰十二指肠侧枝血管,内镜检查,内镜下表现通常不具特征性,病变不同时期表现不同,小肠病变检查不易完成,急性期检查有穿孔危险,腹腔镜检查,对具有以下特点的患者应高度怀疑肠系膜血管缺血性疾病,必要时应行腹腔镜探查,:,(1),症状重,肠梗阻体征不典型;,(2)B,超、,CT,等物理检查发现肠管蠕动减慢,大量积液或直接发现肠系膜血管血栓;,(3),患者有脾切除史;,(4),患者有身体其他部位血栓形成病史;,(5),血液检查提示血小板升高、凝血酶原时间缩短、纤维蛋白原升高等高凝状态。对有上述表现的患者应尽早行腹腔镜检查,可清晰显示肠管的缺血范围和血栓的分布情况,直观性强,能早期诊断肠系膜血管缺血,避免肠管广泛坏死,提高病变肠管切除的准确率,降低术后并发症的发生率;对局限性病变的诊断优势尤为明显,【1】,【1】Baeshko AA,Bondarchuk AG,Podym ako NS,et al Laparoscopy in diagnosis of intestinalm esentery acute circulatory disturbance J.Khirurgiia(Mosk),2002,38(5):18-20.,诊断,高危因素,年龄超过,50,岁;高脂血症;高血压;高凝状态;长期服用避孕药;长时间处于低血压状态等,临床表现,症状与体征不符(尤其在早期肠激惹时,),血管造影,可见动脉痉挛、狭窄或闭塞,MAE,误诊,肠梗阻型:,腹痛、呕吐、肠鸣音亢进以及肠管积气 积液,最易被误诊为机械性肠梗阻,肠道感染型:,腹痛、呕吐、腹泻、血性粪便和体温升高,容易误诊为急性胃肠炎或细菌性痢疾,(,但患者出现的血性粪便与细菌性痢疾的黏液脓血便有显著不同,多为暗红色或西瓜水样,),。,急性胰腺炎型:,急性阑尾炎型:,血管栓塞位于回肠动脉或回结肠动脉,回肠、盲肠以及阑尾可发生局