单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,庄子,二则,北冥有鱼,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,作者作品简介,庄周（约前,369,前,286,），战国时宋国蒙（今河南商丘东北）人。战国时期哲学家，,道家学派,代表人物。,他出身于一个没落的贵族家庭，,曾做过漆园吏（,管理生产漆的工匠,），一生自甘贫困。,在诸子百家中，他继承并发展了老子的思想，成为战国中期道家学派的代表人物，世有,“,老庄,”,之称。,庄子,是庄周及其后学的著作。现存篇，包括内篇,7,篇，外篇,15,篇，杂篇,11,篇。一般认为，内篇语言风格接近，思想连贯，自成一体，乃庄子自著，是全书之核心。外篇和杂篇大多出于庄子门人后学之手,。,因唐玄宗尊庄子为,“,南华真人,”,，故,庄子,又称,南华经,。,寓言为主的创作方法，意出尘外、怪生笔端的想象和虚构形象、恢诡的论辩,富有诗意的语言是,庄子,的特点。,逍遥游,是,庄子,内篇中的第一篇，在全书中占有特殊地位。它比较集中地表现了庄子追求绝对自由的人生观：人应当不受任何束缚，自由自在地活动。这实际上反映了庄子要求超越时间和空间，摆脱客观现实的影响和制约，忘掉一切，在主观幻想中实现“逍遥”。,全文分两大部分，集中表现了庄子哲学的一个重要方面,虚无主义和绝对自由。,关于“逍遥游”,1.,文章标题为,“,北冥有鱼,”,，后来怎么又写鸟了？,鸟是由鱼变化而来的。鲲的体积有几千里，变成鸟后，鸟的背部不知有几千里。,说明庄子想象力丰富,。,课文解读,2.,文中引用,齐谐,的话有什么作用？,借,齐谐,一书的话来证明对鹏的描写是真实可信的。,3,.,“,鲲鹏,”,可高飞九万里，能从北海飞到南海，但必须借助,“,海运,”“,扶摇,”,，意在说明什么？,鲲鹏展翅高飞，必须有所依，旨在说明世间万物都要凭借外力才能活动，从而回答了“逍遥”要有所凭借。,4.,“,野马,”,“,尘埃,”,的运动依靠的是什么？写它们有什么作用？,“生物之以息相吹也”，,“,野马,”“,尘埃,”,的运动必须依靠气息。这里和鹏相比，说明万物均,“,有所待,”,（须凭借，要依靠），世上的万物无论大小，都受到不同的限制，处在不同的束缚之中。因此，大鹏也好，,“,野马,”“,尘埃,”,也好，看似逍遥，其实并没有达到真正的逍遥。,5.,“,天之苍苍,亦若是则已矣。,”,这句话表达了什么意思？,意思是鹏鸟飞在天空看地面，和人们仰视天空看到的是一样的，都不能看到“正色”，人和大鹏对“正色”的认识，都“,有所待,”，都受到距离的限制，不能达到真正的逍遥之境。,6.,“,抟扶摇而上九万里,”,的鲲鹏给了你怎样的启示？,鹏鸟展翅高飞，威力无比，气势宏大，搏击于天空，启示人们要胸怀远大的理想和抱负，勇于搏击，敢于追求。,7.,文章借鲲鹏的寓言说明什么道理？,【,解析,】,文章借鲲鹏奋飞必须凭借海运和强大的风力、水雾尘埃要靠气息相吹来说明万物有所待的道理。借用寓言故事把道理寄托于生动的形象中，使文章生动活泼，颇具诗意，寓意隽永。,【,答案,】,说明任何事物的存在都要依附于一定的条件，它们的活动都要有所凭借。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,主旨归纳,这则故事以大鹏南飞作比喻，说明,任何事物的存在都要依附于一定的条件，它们的活动都要有所凭借。,现实意义：,作者在文中表明自己的观点：世间万物都是由所凭依的，是不自由的。就连宏大的鲲鹏也不例外，这就让我们意识到，自由是相对的，世界上没有绝对的自由。只有遵守法纪，懂得自律的人，才会有自由的空间和生活。,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上,庄子视富贵荣华如敝屣，其高洁的生活情趣，使他很难找到知己。惠子就是庄子的一个谈得来的朋友。他们都好辩论，辩才犀利无比,;,他们亦很博学，对于探讨知识有浓厚的热情。庄子与惠子由于基本观点的差异，在讨论问题时，便经常互相抬杠，通常情况下，庄子都是站在自己的哲学观点上，而他最大的用意，则在于借惠子来抒发己意。他们两人在现实生活中固然有距离，在学术观念上也相对立，但在情谊上，惠子却是庄子的挚友。,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上,一文中这个历史上最有名的论辩，便是他们散步时引发的。,1.,庄子坚持认为,“,出游从容,”,的鱼儿很快乐，表现了他怎样的心境？,庄子认为鱼,“,乐,”,，其实是他愉悦心境的投射与外化。,2.,如何理解庄子的反问？,庄子不正面回答惠子的问题，而采用反问的方式回答，以,“,非我,”,者,“,不知我,”,，推论,“,不知我,”,者不知,“,我知鱼,”,，足见庄子的机智。,3.,在这场辩论中庄子是如何化解惠子的发难的？,庄子,返回争论的起点，,把,“,安知,”,，解释成,“,哪里知道,”,，而惠子本意是,“,怎么（能）知道,”,。庄子偷换概念，避重就轻，化解了发难，其机智灵活的形象跃然纸上。,4.,这场,“,鱼之乐,”,的辩论体现了庄子和惠子二人各自怎样的思想？,庄子追求,“,天地与我并生，而万物与我为一,”,，和万物平等共生，与外界契合无间。短文中的,“,鱼之乐,”,，其实也就是他愉悦心境的投射和外化。,惠子偏重于知识性的判断。论辩言语严密，逻辑性强，对事物的认知是持寻根究底的态度，求实而缺乏美学意义上的欣赏。,5.,关于这场,“,濠梁之辩,”,的结果，有人说是庄子赢了，有人说是惠子赢了，你认为是谁赢了？,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,主旨归纳,这则故事通过庄子与惠子围绕着,“,鱼之乐,”,而展开辩论，表现了庄子的机智与巧妙的辩论风格，也表现了庄子的,“,万物与我为一,”,的思想。,结构梳理,惠子,力辩、求真、拘泥,庄子,巧辩、尚美、超然,万物与我为一,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上,大鹏一日从风而起，扶摇直上九万里之高。如果在风歇时停下来，其力量之大犹能将沧海之水簸干。时人见我好发奇谈怪论，听了我的大言皆冷笑不已。孔圣人还说后生可畏，大丈夫可不能轻视年轻人啊！,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,上李邕,是李白青年时期的作品。此诗通过对大鹏形象的刻画与颂扬，表达了李白的凌云壮志和强烈的入世之心，对李邕瞧不起年轻人的态度非常不满，表现了李白勇于追求而且自信、自负、不畏流俗的精神。年轻的李白敢于向大人物挑战，充满了初生牛犊不怕虎的锐气。,