单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,http:/ Schedule,五、预期成果,Expected Outcome,六、经费预算,Budgets,http:/ cities expended significantly.,2004,年监测的,342,个城市中，仅有,132,个城市达到国家环境空气质量二级标准（居住区标准），占,38.6%,。,In 2004,the urban air quality of 38.6%of the monitored cities(342 cities)could meet the second national standard of ambient air quality.,http:/ gas emission is one of the important aspects of air pollution in the world.,我国政府高度重视城市空气质量问题的重要性和严重性，采取了积极的控制措施，包括：改善能源结构、污染源外迁、重点污染源末端治理、热电联产等。,Chinese government has been paying a lot of attention to the urban air quality issue,.,http:/ 北京,Case study Beijing,天然气等清洁能源的使用比例不断提高；,(Increasing percentage of clean energy),污染源向市区外迁移，充分利用郊区巨大的环境容量，四环路内已没有大型污染源；,(pollution source relocation),推广热电联产,(Closure of small coal facilities and cogeneration additions),对于发电厂、热源厂、化工厂等重点污染源采取脱硫、脱硝、除尘等严格的末端治理措施。,(End-of pipe),http:/ quality in Changing,http:/ measures to ameliorate air quality identified,Switching coal to clean energy:natural gas,LPG,electricity,etc.In particular,CBM(coal-bed methane)switching in coal-rich cities.,Cogeneration expansion to replace small-size coal facilities,Energy efficiency through relocation of urban sources(Capital Steel Corporation Relocation),http:/ issues to address air pollution in cities,No national guidelines for various classified cities to stipulate strategies of air quality improvement,Lack of fast-responding model to translate emission into exposure,resulting rule-of-thumb prevailing,Insufficient retrospective assessment on various strategies to address air pollution,Co-benefits of GHG emissions reduction unaccounted from amelioration of air quality(,act locally but dont think globally,),http:/ cities has taken relevant control measures to solve the urban air pollution,and some of them have used the urban air quality model and prediction model,such as box model,industrial source complex model,photochemical model and line source model,and so on.Most of such models were set up based on the air quality data and prediction experiences of overseas cities,and the natural conditions and pollution characters of many Chinese cities are different from those cities where the models applied in.For example,urban air pollution of developed countries mainly from vehicle emission,but most urban air pollution in China is attributed to the coal burning,or the mixing pollution of coal burning and vehicle emission.,http:/ study and analysis of emission reduction and cost-efficiency program has not been completed in China.,实施的多种空气质量控制措施必定可以削减温室气体的排放量，但尚未进行定量的研究,(many countermeasures to address urban air pollution simultaneously bring GHG emission reduction,but barely have been quantitatively accounted),http:/ Objectives,本项目针对中国城市空气质量管理现状与问题，通过对典型城市的案例研究，弄清中国代表性典型城市环境现状与存在的问题，以世行开发的空气质量管理模型为技术手段,提出国家改善空气质量技术政策,National Technical Policies(guidelines)for Various Classified Cities to Address Air Pollution will be formed,on basis of analysis on background of classified cities through case studies by means of the World Bank developed model entitled,“Small Models for Big Problems Integrated Air Quality Management”,http:/ explore the relationship translating source emissions into exposure,建立大气污染控制措施费用效益分析方法，通过整体优化确定城市达到环境质量保护目标投资费用最小的组合方案；,To determine the methodology of cost-benefit on various programs to address air pollution of classified cities,建立大气污染控制措施与温室气体效果关系的计算方法。,To explore the methodology of GHG emission reduction of air quality amelioration,确立改善空气质量和减少温室气体排放的技术措施,/,项目,To identify projects to reduce pollutants and GHG emissions,http:/ contents),中国典型城市污染现状评估,(Evaluation on air pollution at city level),解决空气污染有效政策和措施的评估,(Assessment on effective regulations and measures to improve air quality in selected cities),案例研究,(,Case study on three typical cities),筛选和确认有利于解决空气污染和减少温室气体排放的技术,(Screening and identification of measures/projects to reduce pollutants and GHG emissions),提出国家解决城市空气污染技术政策,(,Forming national technical policies to ameliorate air quality for various classified policies),能力建设,(,Capacity building and training),http:/ on air pollution at city level,利用监测数据，对全国,600,多个城市分类，分析各类型城市污染变化趋势,Classifying more than 600 cities into various types,analyzing on the pollution trends,on basis of monitored data.,http:/ air quality non-attainment remains,severity of high polluted city decreased,but concentration in attainment city increased,http:/ on effective regulations and measures to improve air quality in selected cities),选取环境空气质量有明显改善的城市，分析各种成功的政策和措施；同时选取质量恶化的城市，分析其原因,Selecting cities where air quality has been improved dramatically and refining the successful regulations and measures;Meanwhile,analysis on cities where air quality has been worsening,http:/ study on three typical cities,SIM-BAQ,模式应用于三个典型城市中,Applying SIM-BAQ model to three typical cities to conduct intensive analysis(three cities data will be compatible with Italy funded monitoring projects),广州东南沿海，经济发展快，环境压力大，地方财政实力雄厚，代表经济发达城市。,苏州著名的风景旅游城市，空气质量较好，旅游产业占得比重很大。对其空气质量水平提出了比其它类型城市更高的要求。代表风光旅游地区城市。,西安历史文化名城，基础略