单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Medical English,An Integrated Course,Unit 1,Anatomy,Unit 1 Anatomy,Brain-storming,1,Words and Text,2,Translation in Medical Literature,(time permitted),3,Assignment:After-class Listening,Reading and Writing,5,Oral Presentation,4,Brainstorming,1.What is anatomy?,Anatomy,is the study of the structure of animals and their parts,and is also referred to as,zootomy,(,动物解剖学,)to separate it from,human anatomy,.,Brainstorming,2.Subdivisions of anatomy?,1).Gross anatomy,大体解剖学,a.surface anatomy,表面解剖学,b.regional anatomy,局部解剖学,c.systemic anatomy,系统解剖学,2).Microscopic anatomy,显微解剖学,a.cytology,细胞学,b.histology,组织学,3).Other anatomy,a.developmental anatomy,发育解剖学,embryology,胚胎学,parative anatomy,比较解剖学,c.clinical anatomy,IV.Word Formation,Lead-in,词根（,root,）,&,词缀（,affix,）,Inter,nation,al,词根,是英语语言中不能再分的最小单位,能代表一个完整的意思并独立存在,称为,root.,例如,:nation,art,face,view,等等,词缀,是指加在词根之前或之后的一个最小语素,它也有一定意义,但是不能独立存在,必须依附于词根,.,可分为前缀,(,加在词根之前,),和后缀,(,加在词根之后,).,一般前缀改变词义,后缀改变词性,.,IV.Word Formation,More examples:,前缀,否定：,dis,-,in-,im,-,il,-,ir,-,un-,non-,mis,-,de-,counter-,anti-,“前”：,pre-preview,preface,pre-existing,“后”：,post-post-war,post-graduate,后缀,-able,形容词后缀：,reliable,understandable,-,ics,名词后缀表学科：,economics,physics,acoustics,-en,动词后缀：,sharpen,awaken,brighten,broaden,IV.Word Formation,Ren-,拉,Renal hypertension,肾性高血压,Renal insufficiency,肾机能不全,Renal diabetes,肾性糖尿病,Renal failure,肾衰竭,Renal lobe,肾叶,Nephr(o,)-,希,Nephroscope,肾镜,Nephroscopy,肾镜检查,Nephrotomy,nefrtm,肾切开术,Nephrolith,nfrl,肾结石,IV.Word Formation,Cardi,-,希,Cardioaortic,主心动脉的,Cardiopulmonary,心肺的,Cardiovascular,心血管的,Cardiogram,心电图,Pulm,-,拉,Pulmoaortic,肺与主动脉的,-,ology,学问，科学,Biology,生物学,Geology,地质学,Mycology,真菌学,IV.Word Formation,-,tomy,希,后缀 切开术,Nephrolithotomy,nefruli,tmi,肾结石切除术,Arteriotomy,:,tiritmi,动脉切开术,Ventriculostomy,ven,trikjulstmi,脑室切开术,Glossary,1.aorta n.,2.periphery n.,3.,thebesian,veins,4.vascular adj.,5.atrium n.,6.,intercostal,adj.,7.arteriole n.,8.bronchial adj.,9.,hilum,n.,10.alveolar adj.,11.capillary n.,12.shunt,v./n,.,13.ventricle n.,A.,血管的，脉管的,B.,小气泡,C.,肋间的,D.,心房,E.,外周,，外围,F.,（使）分流,G.,（脑、,心,）,室,H.,主动脉,I.,毛细血管,J.,支气管的,K.,心最小静脉,L.,门,M.,小动脉,Glossary,1.cortex n.,2.apex n.,3.papilla n.,4.vertebra n.,5.medulla n.,6.thoracic adj.,7.coronal adj.,8.calyx n.,9.,corticomedullary,junction,A.,胸的，胸廓的,B.,脊椎骨，椎骨,C.,盏,D.,乳突,E.,皮髓质结合,F.,顶尖,G.,皮质,H.,髓质,I.,冠状的,Glossary,1.parenchyma n.,2.afferent,adj.,3.efferent adj.,4.renal adj.,5.renal pelvis,6.,nephron,n.,7.,glomerular,adj.,8.,ureter,n.,9.,arcuate,artery,10.glomerulus n.,A.,肾的,B.,传出的,C.,肾盂,D.,传入的,E.,输尿管,F.,肾小球的,G.,肾单位,H.,（肾）小球,I.,实质,J.,弓状动脉,I.Text,Please skim the first part of the text and then answer the first 3 questions.,I.Text,1.Where do the lungs get their blood supply?,Answer,：,The lung receives its blood supply from two vascular systemsthe bronchial and pulmonary circulations.,I.Text,2.Does the nutritive blood flow to the alveolar structures?,Answer,：,No.It flows to all but the alveolar structures.,I.Text,3.What is/are responsible for the active control of blood flow distribution in the lung?,Answer,：,Small muscular arteries are responsible for the active control of blood flow distribution in the lung.,Text Analysis:Part 1,The nutritive blood,flow,to all but(except)the alveolar structures,comes from,the bronchial circulation,which,originates from the aorta and upper,intercostal,arteries and receives about 1 per cent of the cardiac output.,1.flow,的词性？,2.which,指代的是谁？,3.,句子主干？,4.,尝试翻译。,名词,The bronchial circulation,The nutritive blood flow comes from the bronchial circulation.,先译主干，再进行补充,Text Analysis:Part 1,The nutritive blood,flow,to all but(except)the alveolar structures,comes from,the bronchial circulation,which,originates from the aorta and upper,intercostal,arteries and receives about 1 per cent of the cardiac output.,参考译文：肺的营养血液来自于支气管循环系统，流向肺部除肺泡外的所有组织，支气管循环系统始于主动脉及上肋间动脉，接受大约,1%,的心输出量。,Text Analysis:Part 1,drain into,流入，排入，注入,e.g.,Todays,slaver will,drain into,tomorrows tear.,今日垂涎，明日流泪。,e.g.Therivers,draininto,theBalkhashlake,whichsustainsthelivelihoodofmorethan twomillionKazakhs.,这些河流汇入巴尔喀什湖，维系着两百多万哈萨克人的生活。,Text Analysis:Part 1,The,remainder(of,what?),drains into the pulmonary veins and,along with,the contribution from the,thebesian,veins in the heart,represents a component of the 1 to 2 per cent right-to-left shunt found in normal subjects.,参考译文：剩余的（,2/3,）输出流入肺静脉，并在心脏最小静脉的作用下，在正常情况下，以,1%-2%,的量自右向左分流。,Text Analysis:Part 1,The arteries,down to,the level of the,subsegmental,airways,(2-mm diameter)are thin-walled,predominantly elastic vessels.,1.down to,表示的位置关系？,2.,句子主干？,3.,尝试翻译,参考译文：,肺段支气管,（直径,2mm,）以上的肺动脉血管壁薄，（主要是）且富弹性。,Text Analysis:Part 1,Beyond,this,the arteries become,muscularized,until they reach diameters of 30,m,at which point,the,muscular coat,disappears.,1.this,指代什么？,2.beyond,如何与上文衔接？,参考译文：,由此下行,，动脉成肌肉化发展，逐渐缩窄至仅,30,微米，,（此时）,肌肉层消失。,Text Analysis:Part 1,Most of the,arterial pressure drop,takes place,in these small muscular arteries,which,are,responsible for,the active control of,blood flow dist