,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Neuron,N,euroglia(glia),PNS:,Schwann cells,S,atellite cells,CNS:,Astrocytes,Oligodendrocytes,Microglial cells,Ependymal cells,Composition of Nervous Tissue,Neuron Composition of Nervous,1,1.Neurons have,TWO,kinds of,“processes”called axons and dendrites,，,but,Glial cells only have,ONE,.,2.Neurons,CAN,generate action potentials,Glial cells,CANNOT,.,however,Glia,do have a resting potential.,3.Neurons,HAVE,synapses that use neurotransmitters.Glial cells,DO,NOT,have chemical synapses.,4.Neurons,DO,NOT,continue to divide.Glial cells,DO,continue to divide.,Glia are different from neurons:,1.Neurons have TWO kinds of“,2,Importance,of glial cells,in nervous system function,is VASTLY underestimated!,Evidence is mounting:,Nurturing role,Signaling role(Memory?),Inflammation,Pain,Many more to come!,Importance of glial cells in n,3,There are two main kinds in PNS,Schwann cells,（雪旺细胞）,Satellite cells,（卫星细胞）,There are two main kinds in PN,4,星形胶质细胞课件,5,Schwann cell,Schwann cell,6,The,Schwann cell,making the,myelin sheath(M),around the,axon(A),was cut at the level of the,nucleus(N).,E,-endoneurium,.Scale=300 nm.(Rat,trigeminal nerve.),The Schwann cell making the my,7,Schwann,细胞功能：,形成周围神经系统的有髓神经纤维的髓鞘,合成和分泌多种营养因子、细胞外基质成分和细胞黏附分子。,周围神经损伤后的再生和修复,Schwann 细胞功能：形成周围神经系统的有髓神经纤维的髓,8,There are four main kinds in CNS,Astrocytes,(,星形胶质细胞）,Oligodendrocytes,(,少突胶质细胞）,Ependymal cells,(,室管膜细胞）,Microglial cells,(,小胶质细胞）,There are four main kinds in C,9,星形胶质细胞课件,10,Astrocytes,(AS,星形胶质细胞）,Astrocytes(AS,星形胶质细胞）,11,Most numerous cell type in brainConstitute 30-50%of brain volume,Some astrocytes develop processes with expanded,end-feet,（终足）,that are linked to endothelial cells,or to ependymal cells,，,et al.,Express GFAP-an intermediate filament protein,Properties,of,AS,Most numerous cell type in bra,12,突起的形态的不同,：,纤维性星形细胞：,白质中，突起细长，分支少。,原浆性星形细胞：,灰质中，突起粗短，分支多。,抗原标记物的不同：,1,型星形胶质细胞：,GFAP,+,/A2B5,-,2,型星形胶质细胞：,GFAP,+,/A2B5,+,分 类,突起的形态的不同：分 类,13,Fibrous astrocyte,Fibrous astrocyte,14,protoplasmic astrocyte,protoplasmic astrocyte,15,星形细胞的功能：,为神经细胞提供支持、隔离的作用,合成和分泌多种细胞因子（黏连蛋白，生长因子和营养因子），参与神经损伤后再生和修复；参与神经元的迁移；,参与,血脑屏障,的构成,参与,内环境的稳定,：具有多数神经递质的受体，参与神经元及其突触功能的离子、递质和代谢的调节,突触的形成和可塑性,星形细胞的功能：为神经细胞提供支持、隔离的作用,16,功能：,新的观点,：,星形胶质细胞负责大脑信息传送,2007science,“大脑中与记忆和学习有关的海马区中的星形胶质细胞能够释放一种谷氨酸化学信号，这种信号可以提高神经元间的信号效率”,星形胶质细胞可以让高度兴奋的神经元保持适当,“冷 静”，免受疾病侵袭；,星形胶质细胞能使神经元产生长时间增强反应，使,人学得进、记得牢。,星形胶质细胞与脑组织的神经干细胞密切相关,功能：新的观点：星形胶质细胞负责大脑信息传送,17,Astrocytes can absorb local excess of neurotransmitters,and release metabolic and neuroactive molecules.,Astrocytes can influence neuronal survival and activity through their ability to regulate constituents of the extracellular environment,。,AS,参与维持中枢神经系统内环境稳定,Astrocytes can absorb local ex,18,葡萄糖,葡萄糖,乳糖,酵解,normal,disease,储存糖原,1.,参与葡萄糖代谢,葡萄糖葡萄糖乳糖酵解normaldisease储存糖原 1.,19,2.,参与脑内谷氨酸的代谢,2.参与脑内谷氨酸的代谢,20,星形胶质细胞课件,21,Nature 411,261-268(2001),AChBP as a,nAChR decoy,星形胶质细胞对突触的调节作用,Nature 411,AChBP as a星形胶质细胞对突,22,Astrocytes,Astrocytes contact virtually every cell component in brain,Other astrocytes(gap junctions),Ependymal cells,Neurons(somas,processes,synapses),Oligodendroglia,Capillary endothelial cells,AstrocytesAstrocytes contact,23,肌萎缩侧索硬化症,(ALS),nature,美国的两个科研小组报告说,:,一种名为“神经胶质细胞”的变异神经细胞所分泌的毒素，可导致肌萎缩侧索硬化症,(ALS).,神经系统疾病的关系,肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)nature美国的两个,24,Oligodendrocytes,(,少突胶质细胞）,束间少突胶质细胞,血管周少突胶质细胞,神经元周少突胶质细胞,镀银染色发现突起很少；,通过特异性的,GC,单抗做免疫细胞化学标记，则可见少突细胞有很多突起，而且分支很多,。,根据在中枢神经系统中的位置和分布：,Oligodendrocytes (少突胶质细胞,25,功 能,形成中枢神经系统的,髓鞘,抑制神经元轴突的生长和再生,（,神经突起生长抑制蛋白,）,摄取神经递质，参与神经系统内的吞噬活动等,功 能形成中枢神经系统的髓鞘,26,星形胶质细胞课件,27,星形胶质细胞课件,28,星形胶质细胞课件,29,Ependymal cells,(,室管膜细胞）,室管膜细胞分布于脑室和脊髓中央管腔面，形似单层立方或柱状上皮，细胞表面有纤毛和微绒毛,Ependymal cells (室管膜细胞）,30,Ependymal cells,Ependymal cells,31,Who are the stem cells of the adult brain?astrocytes vs.ependymal cells,astrocytes,Ependymal cells,Johansson et al.,Identification of a neural stem cell in the adult mammalian central nervous system,Cell,96:25-34,1999.,Doetsch et al.,Subventricular zone,astrocytes are neural stem,cells,in the adult mammalian brain,Cell,97:703-16,1999.,The subventricular zone,Dr Jonas Frisen contends that neural stem cells are cells that line ventricles,Dr Arturo Alvarez-Buylla contends neural stem are astrocytes that lie one layer in from ventricle lining;,Who are the stem cells of the,32,Microglial cells,(,小胶质细胞）,Microglial cells (小胶质细胞）,33,microglia,microglia,34,Typical features of neuronophagia,a cluster of microglia around a necrotic neuron,are shown(HE,high power).,Typical features of neuronopha,35,On the left side of the diagram,cells labeled B1,B2,and B3 represent chronically activated microglial cells.B3 is a markedly elongated cell,the nucleus in particular having a long,rod-shaped form.This rod cell is classically seen in general paresis(paretic neurosyphilis)but may also be seen in other chronic disease states of the brain.,On the left side of the diagra,36,功 能,吞噬功能,静止态,反应态小胶质细胞,免疫功能,神经元变性,小胶质细胞,表达,MHC,抗原,呈递给,T,淋巴细胞,发挥免疫作用,功 能吞噬功能,37,胶质细胞培养,http:/ 仪器 设备,材料 仪器 设备,39,