Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,11/7/2009,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Diuretics,第二十四章 利尿药,1,第一页,共三十三页。,diuretics作用于肾脏,增加电解质和水的排出,临床上主要用于治疗各种原因引起的水肿性疾病,也可用于某些非水肿性疾病,如高血压、肾结石、高血钙症等的治疗。,复习肾脏的生理,并了解利尿药的作用部位和作用机制。,内容提要,2,第二页,共三十三页。,利尿药按照其作用部位分为:,1碳酸酐酶抑制药carbonic anhydrase inhibitors 主要作用于近曲小管,抑制碳酸酐酶活性,利尿作用弱,本类代表药为乙酰唑胺。,2渗透性利尿药osmotic diuretics 也称为脱水药dehydrant agents。主要作用于髓袢及肾小管其他部位,代表药为甘露醇。,3,第三页,共三十三页。,3.袢利尿药loop diuretics 又称为高效能利尿药high efficacy diuretics或Na+-K+-2C1-同向转运子抑制药。主要作用于髓袢升支粗段,利尿作用强,代表药为呋塞米。,4噻嗪类利尿药thiazide diuretics 又称为中效能利尿药moderate efficacy diuretics或Na+-C1-同向转运子抑制药,主要作用于远曲小管近端,如噻嗪类等。,4,第四页,共三十三页。,5保钾利尿药potassium-retaining diuretics 又称为低效能利尿药low efficacy diuretics。主要作用于远曲小管远端和集合管,利尿作用弱,能有减少K+排出,如螺内酯、氨苯蝶啶等。,5,第五页,共三十三页。,学习和掌握利尿药在肾脏的作用部位,及按作用部位的分类。,每类利尿药的代表药物、它们的作用及作用机制、临床应用和不良反响。,了解水通道在尿生成过程中的作用。,教学根本要求,6,第六页,共三十三页。,A.,Glomerular filtration,Cardiac glycoside,Aminophyline,B.Tubular reabsorption,&secretion,1.Proximal tubule,Formation of urine,7,第七页,共三十三页。,1)Na,+,reabsorption,*H+-Na+exchanger:,H+的产生需碳酸酐酶carbonic anhydrase,CA),CAI 可抑制该过程。,CAH2OCO2 H2CO3 H+HCO3-分泌到管腔液中,换 Na+,8,第八页,共三十三页。,9,第九页,共三十三页。,*管腔pH降低,启动Cl,-,/base,-,exchanger,最终净吸收NaCl(sodium chloride),2)带水reabsorption (AQP1),2.Descending limb,只高度通透水(AQP1),3.,Ascending limb,10,第十页,共三十三页。,1),Na+reabsorption。F,urosemide,抑制该过,程,程。,由 Na,+,/K,+,/2Cl,-,Cotransporter驱动,Na,+,和 2Cl,-,转运至细,胞,胞间液,髓质高渗,K,+,在细胞内,蓄,蓄积,由 K,+,通道回管,腔,腔,管腔正电,位,位,驱动Mg,2+,与Ca,2+,reabsorption,2)不,吸,吸收水,11,第十一页,,,,共三十,三,三页。,12,第十二页,,,,共三十,三,三页。,1)Na+Reabsorption,Na+-Cl-cotransporter-thiazide,Na+-K+exchangerAldosterone facilitates),spironolactone,2)水,在,在ADH,的,的作用,下,下被大量reabsorption,。,。,hypertonicmedulla,AQP2,3,4,6,4.Distalandcollecting tubules,13,第十三页,,,,共三十,三,三页。,H,2,O,*Watertransport drivenbyosmoticgradient.,*AscAMP concentrationsfall,the AQP2removedfrommembrane.,14,第,十,十,四,四,页,页,,,,,共,共,三,三,十,十,三,三,页,页,。,。,Tubular transport systems and site of action of diuretics.acetazolamide,furosemide,,thiazide,aldosterone antagonists.,15,第,十,十,五,五,页,页,,,,,共,共,三,三,十,十,三,三,页,页,。,。,Classificationand,thesitesofactionofdiuretics,16,第,十,十,六,六,页,页,,,,,共,共,三,三,十,十,三,三,页,页,。,。,Drugs,Siteofaction,碳,酸,酸,酐,酐,酶,酶,抑,抑,制,制,药,药,Proximal,(,CA),carbonicanhydraseinhibitors,渗,透,透,性,性,利,利,尿,尿,药,药,Proximal,/,Descendinglimb,襻,利,利,尿,尿,药,药,Ascendinglimb,(Na,+,/K,+,/2Cl,-,),loopd,iuretics,噻,嗪,嗪,类,类,thiazideDistal(NaCl),保钾利尿药,potassium-retainingdiuretics,Distal&Collecting,(Na,+,-K,+,交换等),17,第十七页,,共,共三十三页,。,。,呋塞米(,速,速尿)furosemide,Effect:,1.利,尿,尿作用快、,强,强、短。,2.扩,张,张全身V,增,增加HF,病,病人全身V,容,容量,降低,左,左室充盈压,,,,减轻肺淤,血,血。,3.扩,张,张肾血管,,增,增加肾血流,量,量促进PGs的合成,有,有关)。,Mechanismof diuresis:,襻利尿药loop diuretics,18,第十八页,,共,共三十三页,。,。,Ascendinglimb,Na,+,/K,+,/2Cl,-,cotransporter,Na,+,、K,+,、Cl,-,reabsorption,髓质间液,NaCl,渗透压,集合管重吸,收,收水,尿排,Na,+,、K,+,、Cl,-,、水、*Ca,2+,、*Mg,2+,*,K,+,reabsorption,管腔液电,位,位,Ca,2+,、Mg,2+,reabsorption,19,第十九页,,共,共三十三页,。,。,Uses:,1.各类,严,严重edema心、,肝,肝、肾、急,性,性,肺水肿和脑,水,水肿,口服,或,或iv,2.急慢,性,性 renal insufficiency,3.加速,毒,毒物(poison)排泄,4.急性,高,高血钙、高,血,血钾,20,第二十页,,共,共三十三页,。,。,Adverse reaction,Waterandelectrolyte imbalances.,低血容量、,低,低血钾、钠,、,、镁。,2.,耳毒性,(ototoxicity),,并用氨基糖,苷,苷类易发生,,,,且可致永,久,久性耳聋。,3.高尿,酸,酸血症。,21,第二十一页,,,,共三十三,页,页。,氢氯噻嗪,hydrochlorothiazide,Effect andMechanism,1.利尿,:,:温和、持,久,久,噻嗪类,thiazide,22,第二十二页,,,,共三十三,页,页。,远曲小管,Na,+,/Cl,cotransporter,NaClreabsorption,尿排,Na,+,、Cl,、,水,、,*,K,+,*远曲小管Na+,集Na+-K+交换,2.抗利,尿,尿机制不,清,清,3.降压,23,第二十三页,,,,共三十三,页,页。,1.,各种原因引,起,起的轻、中,度,度水肿,2.Hypertension,3.,尿崩症,(diabetesinsipidus),4.,特发,性,性高,尿,尿钙,伴,伴有,尿,尿结,石,石者,。,。,(,PTH,调节,的,的远,曲,曲小,管,管,Ca,2+,的,reabsorption,尿钙,的,的排,出,出,)。,Uses,24,第二,十,十四,页,页,,共,共三,十,十三,页,页。,Adversereaction,1.Waterandelectrolyteimbalances,2.,高,高尿,酸,酸血,症,症,3.,高,高血,糖,糖,4.,高,高血,脂,脂,5.,过,过敏,反,反响,25,第二,十,十五,页,页,,共,共三,十,十三,页,页。,螺内,酯,酯,spironolactone,(,安体,舒,舒通,),Effect,1.,利尿,作,作用,弱,弱、,慢,慢、,久,久,2.,体,体内Ald水,平,平,时,,作,作用,明,明显,保钾,利,利尿,药,药,potassium-retainingdiuretics,26,第二,十,十六,页,页,,共,共三,十,十三,页,页。,Mechanism,与,Ald,竞争,远,远曲,小,小管,和,和集,合,合管,上,上皮,C,内,Ald,受体,Ald,受,体,体复,合,合物,的,的形,成,成,产生,Ald,相反,的,的,Effect,排,Na,+,、水,,,,保,K,+,Asacompetitiveantagonistofaldosterone.,27,第二,十,十七,页,页,,共,共三,十,十三,页,页。,Uses,1.,各,各,种,种与Ald升,高,高有,关,关的,水,水肿(,肝,肝、,肾,肾、,心,心,。,。,(adrenaltumororhyperplasia).Alsousefulinptswithsecondarilyelevatedaldosterone,i.e.cirrhosis.,2.CHF,Adversereaction,:,:,hyperkalemia,(Potassiumsparingdiuretics),28,第二,十,十八,页,页,,共,共三,十,十三,页,页。,二药,化,化学,结,结构,不,不同,但Effect,相,相似,。,。,Potassiumsparingdiuretics,但,但,并,并非,通,通过,对,对抗Ald,,切,切除,肾,肾上,腺,腺的,动,动物,仍,仍有,效,效。,抑,抑制,远,远曲,和,和集,合,合管Na+重,吸,吸收,。,。,Amiloride,高,高浓,度,度尚,可,可抑,制,制Na+-H+,交,交换,和,和Na+-Ca2+,交,交换,antiporters),。,。,氨苯喋,啶,啶,triamterene,阿米洛,利,利,amiloride,29,第二十,九,九页,,共,共三十,三,三页。,乙酰唑,胺,胺,acetazolamide(diamox),Effectand Mechanism:,1,.,CA,近曲小,管,管上皮,细,细胞,H,+,的产生,H,+,-Na,+,交换,Na,+,、,水,reabsorption,。,。,2.,眼睫状,体,体上皮,C,和,CNS,细胞中,的,的,CA,房水和,脑,脑脊液,的,的产生,。,。,碳酸酐,酶,酶抑制,药,药,30,第三十,页,页,共,三,三十三,页,页。,Uses:,1.,青,青光眼(glaucoma),2.Mountainsickness,Brain andlungedema)。,3.,癫,癫痫(epilepsy),*AQP1,的,的发现,和