单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,A Brief History of Systems Biology,Basic Concepts in Systems Biology,Basic,scientific questi,o,ns,or properties,in Systems Biology,Basic,measurement technologies and experimental methods in systems biology research,S,ystem,S,tructures,I,dentification,System Behavior or Function Analysis,Test system for systems biology,Hostpathogen systems biology,Future directions or open issues in systems biology,A Brief History of Systems Biology,Two important concepts of biology by the end of the 19th century,Reductionist,complex situations can be analyzed by reducing them to manageable pieces,examining each in turn,and reassembling the whole from the behavior of the pieces,Mechanist,All biological behavior was predetermined,forced,and identical between all individuals of a particular species;organisms were thus merely complex machines.,RENE DESCARTES(1595-1650),I am thinking therefore I exist.,Rene Descartes was a famous French mathematician,scientist and philosopher.He was arguably the first major philosopher in the modern era to make a serious effort to defeat skepticism.His views about knowledge and certainty,as well as his views about the relationship between mind and body have been very influential over the last three centuries.,Jacques Loeb 18591924,American physiologist,b.Germany,M.D.Univ.of Strasbourg,1884.He came to the United States in 1891 and taught at Bryn Mawr,the Univ.of Chicago,and the Univ.of California.From 1910 he was a member of the Rockefeller Institute(now Rockefeller Univ.).,Best known for his tropism theory and for his experiments in inducing parthenogenesis and regeneration by chemical stimulus,he also propounded the mechanistic philosophy,that all ethics were the outgrowth of humanitys inherited tropisms.He was a founder and editor of the Journal of General Physiology.His works include,The Mechanistic Conception of Life(1912),Artificial Parthenogenesis and Fertilization(1913),and The Organism as a Whole(1916).,A Brief History of Systems Biology,from Jan Smuts holism to Ludwig von Bertalanffys General Systems Theory,Holism,(from the Greek Holos,whole)is the theory,which makes the existence of wholes a fundamental feature of the world,wholes are more than the sum of their parts,the mechanical putting together of their parts will not produce them or account for their characters and behaviour,SMUTS,JAN CHRISTIAAN 18701950 South African statesman,Smuts in retirement wrote Holism and Evolution(1926,3d ed.1936),in which he developed the view that evolution is a sequence of ever more comprehensive integrations,wholes,are the real units of nature and as a unity wholes are self-organizing systems and synergistic,thus cooperating units.For him every organism,every plant or animal,and every person is a whole that has a certain internal organization and measure of self direction as well as an individual specific character of its own,A Brief History of Systems Biology,from Jan Smuts holism to Ludwig von Bertalanffys General Systems Theory,General Systems Theory,concepts of organization,non-summative wholeness,control,self-regulation,equifinality,and self-organization,are as valid in the social and behavioral sciences as they are in the biological.This led Von Bertalanffy to postulate a new discipline,its subject matter being the formulation and derivation of those principles which are valid for systems in general,.,Ludwig von Bertalanffy(1901-1972),in the 1930s Bertalanffy formulated the organismic system theory that later became the kernel of the GST,His starting point was to deduce the phenomena of life from a spontaneous grouping of system forces-comparable,for instance,to the system developmental biology nowadays.He based his approach on the phenomenal assumption that there exists a dynamical process inside the organic system.,In the next step he modelled the heuristic fiction of the organism as an open system striving towards a steady state.,Then he postulated two biological principles,namely,the maintenance of the organism in the non-equilibrium,and the,hierarchic organization of a systemic structure,.Finally he furnished this biological system theory with a research program that dealt with the quantitative kinetic of growth and metabolism,A Brief History of Systems Biology,Paradigm shift in biology from component to systems analysis,during the latter half of the 20th century focused on the generation of information about individual cellular components,their chemical composition,and often their biological functions,（,by reductionist approaches,）,A Brief History of Systems Biology,Paradigm shift in biology from component to systems analysis,Over the past decade,the advent of high-throughput experimental technologies is forcing biologists to view cells as systems,rather than focusing their attention on individual cellular components,.,over the coming years and decades biological sciences will be increasingly focused on the systems properties of cellular and tis