单击以编辑母版标题样式,单击以编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,胰岛素抵抗的分子机制及,药物治疗对策,The Molecular Mechanism and,Pharmacotherapy Strategies of,Insulin Resistance,北京大学第一临床学院 钱荣立,胰岛素抵抗的分子机制及The Molecular Mecha,1,胰岛素抵抗,(Insulin Resistance,IR),的定义,IR,是指机体对一定量胰岛素,(INS),反应性减低的一种异常生理状态,IR,主要反映,INS,对葡萄糖摄取和代谢的损害,胰岛素抵抗(Insulin Resistance,IR)的,2,IR,在,2,型糖尿病,(DM),发病及肥胖、原发性高血压、血脂异常等,IR,综合症,(IRS/Metabolic Syndrome,MS),中起核心作用,改善,IR,是治疗,2,型糖尿病的关键,Insulin,resistance,Target,Hypertension,Dyslipidemia,Impaired glucose tolerance,Type 2 diabetes,Coronary heart disease,IR在2型糖尿病(DM)发病及肥胖、原发性高血压、血脂异常等,3,IR,的分子机制:,与,INS,作用的分子机制密切相关,INS,作用的分子机制基本包含,3,方面:,(I)INS,的信号分子,(Signalling Molecules):,代表,INS,信号由细胞膜到细胞内的分子转移,和选择,IR的分子机制:INS作用的分子机制基本包含3方面:(I),4,图,2:INS,作用机制分解图,-1,LAR,PC-1,PKC,TNF-,a,Shc,GRB2,IRS-1,IRS-2,PI3-K,Sos,Ras,Raf-1K,MAPKK,S 6K,MAPK,IR,Rad,Insulin,Glucose,GLUT-4,Glycogen,synthase,Transcription,factors,图2:INS作用机制分解图-1LARPC-1PKCTNF-,5,胰岛素抵抗的分子机制及药物治疗对策课件,6,胰岛素抵抗的分子机制及药物治疗对策课件,7,图,4:INS,作用机制分解图,-3,LAR,PC-1,PKC,TNF-,a,Shc,GRB2,IRS-1,IRS-2,PI3-K,Sos,Ras,Raf-1K,MAPKK,S 6K,MAPK,IR,Rad,Insulin,Glucose,GLUT-4,Glycogen,synthase,Transcription,factors,(III)INS,效应分子,(Effect Molecules):,代表,INS,终端生物作用的分子如,GLUT-4,和糖原合成酶,(GS),等,图4:INS作用机制分解图-3LARPC-1PKCTNF-,8,图,5:INS,作用机制全图,LAR,PC-1,PKC,TNF-,a,Shc,GRB2,IRS-1,IRS-2,PI3-K,Sos,Ras,Raf-1K,MAPKK,S 6K,MAPK,IR,Rad,Insulin,Glucose,GLUT-4,Glycogen,synthase,Transcription,factors,以上,3,方面任何量与功能的改变,都能引起,IR,图5:INS作用机制全图LARPC-1PKCTNF-aSh,9,IR,的药物治疗研究,已用于临床的两类药,双胍类二甲双胍,(Metformin),50,年代老药:降糖、降脂作用,90,年代发现其非激素依赖性,INS,样作用:,受体后信号传导,GLUTs,;,改善肝血流量和,INS,肝细胞内作用和代谢,IR的药物治疗研究已用于临床的两类药双胍类二甲双胍(Met,10,PPAR,激动剂,Thiazolidinediones(TZDs):,80,年代后陆续研制的,TZDs,表,1,1982,1988,1990,1990,1994,1995,Ciglitazone,Troglitazone,Pioglitazone,(Actos),Englitazone,Rosiglitazone,(Avandia),Darglitazone,Takeda,Japan,Sankyo/Parke,Davis/Glaxo,Takeda-Lilly,Pfizer,USA,SmithKline-,Beecham,Pfizer,USA,ADD-3878,CS-045,ADD-4833,CP-6872,BRL 49653,CP-86325,中止,1997(FDA),(2000,停用*,),1999(FDA),中止,1999(FDA),II-III,临床,年代 药名 研制公司 代号 临床应用,(from:Diabetic Med,1999,16:180),PPAR激动剂Thiazolidinediones(TZ,11,图,6 TZDs,的作用机制:激活特异性的核受体,PPAR,PPAR,是一种转导蛋白,(Transducer Pr),,属类固醇,/,甲状腺素,/,视黄醇核受体超家族,Thyroid,hormones,Steroid,hormones,Thyroid,Steroid,RAR,RXR,Receptor:,Orphans,Retinoic acid,PPAR,a,PPAR,g,PPAR,d,Peroxisome proliferator,activated receptors(PPAR),图6 TZDs的作用机制:激活特异性的核受体PPAR P,12,图,7 PPAR,激活改变特异性基因的表达,脂肪细胞特异性基因转录因子,脂肪细胞分化,TNF-a,表达,Gene encoding,GLUT-4,lipoprotein lipase,PEPCK,aP,2,etc.,PPRE(DR-1),PPAR,g,RXR,AGGTCA X AGGTCA,Regulates gene,transcription,RSG,retinoic,图7 PPAR激活改变特异性基因的表达脂肪细胞特异性基因,13,PPAR,是,TZDs,降糖作用的关键分子靶,只与,TZDs,在,PPAR,配体区结合,激活,PPAR,调节,PPAR,反应基因的表达,其抗糖尿病效果和,TZDs,与,PPAR,结合的亲和力,激动强度高度相关,(1),(2),(3),PPAR 是TZDs降糖作用的关键分子靶只与TZDs在P,14,表,2,Tissue expression of PPAR subtypes,PPAR,a,PPAR,d,PPAR,g,Tissue,liver,kidney,ubiquitousadipose tissues,profile,skeletal skeletal muscle,expression,muscle,brown liver,kidney,gut,adipose tissue macrophages,VSMC,Isoforms,a,d,g,1,g,2,Endogenous,fatty acids fatty acids 15deoxy,D,12,14,PGJ,2,ligand,Pharmacological,fibrate thiazolidinediones,activators,hypolipidemics,表2 Tissue expression of PPAR s,15,图,8 TZDs,增强,GLUT-4,产生和,INS,刺激转位,Glucose uptake,Rosiglitazone,Young,et al,.,Diabetes,1995;,44,:1087?092.,Increases,translocation,of GLUT-4 to,cell surface,Increases,synthesis of,GLUT-4-containing,vesicles,GLUT-4 transporter,on cell membrane,Insulin,图8 TZDs增强GLUT-4产生和INS刺激转位Gluco,16,TZDs,改善,IR,作用,减少大脂肪细胞,增加小脂肪细胞,降低血脂,特别是,FFA,,改善,FFA,引起的肌肉、肝脏,IR,减少,TNF-,a,改善,TNF-a,诱发,IR,刺激,GLUT-4,产生和转位,(1),(2),(3),(4),TZDs改善IR作用减少大脂肪细胞,增加小脂肪细胞(1),17,表,3 TZDs,体内体外实验结果,Glucose uptake,Glycolysis,Glycogenesis,+,Glucose oxidation,Glucose uptake,Fatty acid uptake,Lipogenesis,Glucose oxdation,Gluconeogenesis,Glycogenolysis,Glucose uptake,Lipogenesis,Skeletal muscle Adipose tissue Liver,*Based on references 18,22,32,37,50,70,72,74,75,77,78,91,123.,+Not a consistent finding.,表3 TZDs体内体外实验结果Glucose uptake,18,Insulin,Gut,Carbohydrate,Adiposetissue,Blood Glucose,Digestive,enzymes,Pancreas,Muscle,Liver,Decreases excessive hepatic glucose,production,Improves insulin-mediated glucose uptake,Decreases excessive lipolysis and reduces free fatty acids,Decreases plasma glucose levels,图,9 TZDs,降低靶组织,IR,InsulinGutCarbohydrateAdipose,19,正在研制中的抗,IR,药,1.,非,TZDs,植物天然,PPAR,激动剂:,多不饱和脂肪酸与花生四烯酸也能激活,PPAR,增加,INS,作用,O,O,HO,S,NH,O,O,O,N,S,NH,O,O,O,N,S,NH,O,O,N,O,H,CO,2,H,CO,2,H,CO,2,H,CO,2,H,HO,CO,2,H,OH,Natural,Synthetic,Troglitazone,Pioglitazone,Rosiglitazone,15d-PGJ,2,Linoleic acid,9-HODE,Linoienic acid,13-HODE,正在研制中的抗IR药1.非TZDs植物天然PPAR 激动剂,20,结合亚油酸,(Conjugated Linoleic Acid,CLA),是,PPAR,的天然配体,动物实验及临床观察能降低空腹血糖,,INS,及血脂,模拟天然,CLA,的合成制剂有,CLX-0900,0901,和,09021,0940,结合亚油酸(Conjugated Linoleic Acid,21,CLX-0921:,多种动物实验一次口服可降血糖,50-60,,降,TG 88%,,降,FFA 80%,,降,T-Cho 46%,机制通过,PPARr,主要刺激,GLUT,转位与激活,PI3-K,CLX-0940:,为治疗,2,型糖尿病设计的口服天然产物合成类似物,有很强的,PPAR,激动作用,不含,Thiazolidione,与,Oxyzolidione,,能明显降低血糖、,INS,、,TG,、,FFA,,同时还降低血压,CLX-0901:,刺激,GLUT-4,转位,选择性,INS-R,b,磷酸化并激活蛋白激酶,B(AKT),CLX-0921:多种动物实验一次口服可降血糖50-60,22,2.,非,TZD L-,酪氨酸基高度选择性,