*,*,*,*,有人说，生命，伟大而神秘，丰富而奇妙，永久而不朽；也有人说，世上没有永恒的春天，亦没有永久的生命。生命到底是怎样的呢？,新课导入,有人说，生命，伟大而神秘，丰富而奇妙，永久而不朽；也,16,散文二篇,16 散文二篇,学习目标,反复诵读课文，理清行文思路，理解课文的中心观点。,（重点）,掌握修辞手法的作用，概括本文的写作手法，品味文章的语言。,（难点）,感悟作者对生命的认识和态度，树立正确的人生观。,学习目标反复诵读课文，理清行文思路，理解课文的中心观点。（重,永久的生命,永久的生命,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,严文井（,1915,2005,），原名严文锦，湖北武昌（今属武汉）人，作家。主要著作有散文集,山寺暮,、童话集,南南和胡子伯伯,严文井童话集,严文井童话寓言集,和长篇小说,一个人的烦恼,等。,作者简介,状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路,哲理散文,以议论、说理为主的散文，也称,“,议论散文,”“,说理散文,”,。它或通过对某一事件、现象的议论，或借助具有哲理性、形象性的事物，来抒发作者的思想感情。它的议论往往具有抒情性、形象性和哲理性,文体知识,哲理散文以议论、说理为主的散文，也称“议论散文”“,的特点。哲理散文不是让读者去获得理性的概念，而是让读者感知一种富于理性的形象和情感，提供给读者一个广阔的思索和联想的天地。写作时，要蕴含深邃的哲理，熔情、理、形于一炉。,的特点。哲理散文不是让读者去获得理性的概念，而是让读者感知一,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,生难字,兴,味（ ） 洗,涤,（ ） 牛,犊,（ ）,茸,毛（ ）,蔓,延（ ）,凋,谢（ ） 繁,殖,（ ）,臼,齿（ ）,混,为一谈（ ）,x,n,d,d,r,n,m,n,dio,zh,ji,字词学习,h,n,状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路,多音字,兴,x,n,（ ）兴味,（ ）兴旺,xn,多音字兴xn（ ）兴味（ ）兴旺xn,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,词语集注,无能为力：,用不上力量；没有能力或能力达不到。,消逝：,消失。,凋谢：,（草木花叶）脱落。,蔓延：,像蔓草一样向周围扩展。,状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,自由朗读课文，整体把握文章内容。划分层次，概述段落大意。,第一部分（,1,）：,感慨生命的短暂，欲扬先抑。,第二部分（,24,）：,正面论说“永久的生命”这一话题。,第三部分（,5,）：,赞美生命是奇迹。,课文讲解,状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路,过去了的时间永不再回来。一个人到了三十岁的边头就会发现自己丢失了一些什么：一颗臼齿，一段盲肠，一些头发，一点点和人开玩笑的兴味，这意味着他已经失去了那大半个青春。,从人的生理变化写起有何妙处？,人们感受最真切，既符合实际，又能感染人。,过去了的时间永不再回来。一个人到了三十岁的边头就会发,个人生命不像一件衬衣，当你发现它脏了、破了的时候，就可以脱下它来洗涤，把它再补好。,这一句话有何表达效果？,个人生命不像一件衬衣，当你发现它脏了、破了的时候，就,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,将不尽如人意的个人生命与“脏了、破了”的衬衣进行对比，以衬衣可以洗涤、补好反衬生命的易逝，使无奈、遗憾之情更加强烈。化抽象为具体，富有表现力。,状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路,永久的生命,第一段末句说,“,我们都非常可怜！,”,作者为什么会这样说？,“可怜”是因为我们的力量是那样的渺小，对于生命上的事情丝毫不能做主。,永久的生命第一段末句说“我们都非常可怜！”作者为,读一读第,2,自然段，说说写小草和小牛犊的用意是什么？,人们却不应该为此感到悲观。我们没有时间悲观。我们应该看到生命自身的神奇，生命流动着，永远不朽。地面上的小草,永远的小牛犊，永远的金黄色茸毛！,以小草和小牛犊为例，说明生命的流动性与不朽，化抽象为具体，便于理解，形象生动。,读一读第2自然段，说说写小草和小牛犊的用意是什么？,感谢生命的奇迹，它分开来是暂时，合起来却是永久。它是一个不懂疲倦的旅客，总是只暂时在哪一个个体内住一会儿，便又离开前去。那些个体消逝了，它却永远存在。它充满了希望，永不休止地繁殖着，蔓延着，随处宣示它的快乐和威势。,“,分开来,”“,合起来,”,分别指什么？,指个体生命,分开来,合起来,指整个人类的生命长河,感谢生命的奇迹，它分开来是暂时，合起来却是永久。它是,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,“,那些个体消逝了，它却永远存在,”,一句中的,“,它,”,指什么？如何理解这句话的含义？,这句话中的“它”指生命。,这句话是说个体虽然消逝了，但生命是永久的、不朽的，它能不断给世界以色彩，能不断给世界以芬芳。,状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路,我的伙伴们，我们的心应该感到舒畅。那些暴君们能够杀害许多许多人，但是他们消灭不了生命。让我们赞美生命，赞美那毁灭不掉的生命吧！我们将要以不声不响的爱情来赞美它。生命在那些终于要凋谢的花朵里永存，不断给世界以色彩，不断给世界以芬芳。,凋谢和不朽混为一体，这就是奇迹。,我的伙伴们，我们的心应该感到舒畅。那些暴君们能够杀害,最后一段运用了什么表达方式？有什么作用？,采用了议论的表达方式。篇末点题，进一步深化了文章的主题，生命是一个奇迹，它将永久存在，增强了文章的表现力和感染力。,最后一段运用了什么表达方式？有什么作用？ 采用,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,深入探究,本文中作者的感情有怎样的变化？试简要说明。,作者的感情是有变化的。文章一开始，作者就告诉我们：岁月在一点点地消逝，而人们却只能任凭它悄悄地溜走，这是无奈的，显示出作者悲观、消沉的情绪；第,2,段中的“却”一词，表明作者的感情发生了变化。“生命自身,状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路,的神奇”“生命流动着，永远不朽”“感谢生命的奇迹”“让我们赞美生命，赞美那毁灭不掉的生命吧”这些语言表现了作者的感情是乐观的，而且逐渐增强，以至于高唱生命的赞歌。,表面上看作者一开始的感情是悲观失望的，其实这不是作者要表达的情感。因为，岁月的,的神奇”“生命流动着，永远不朽”“感谢生命的奇迹”“让我们赞,流逝，青春的一去不复返，是我们每个个体生命客观存在的。作者主要想告诉我们的是：生命“充满了希望，永不休止地繁殖着，蔓延着，随处宣示它的快乐和威势。”“让我们赞美生命”体现了作者的感情是乐观的、激昂的。,流逝，青春的一去不复返，是我们每个个体生命客观存在的。作者主,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,生命的易逝,生命的永久,感谢生命,赞美生命,生命的赞歌,永久的生命,欲扬先抑,正面展开,总结全文,结构梳理,状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路,本文从个体生命写到生命史，揭示了个体生命的柔弱易逝和生命本身的永久不朽，表达了作者积极乐观的人生态度，同时抒发了要感谢生命，并以自己全部热情回报生命的意愿。,主旨概括,本文从个体生命写到生命史，揭示了个体生命的柔弱易逝和,写作借鉴,1.,欲扬先抑，突出主旨。,在写法上，采用欲扬先抑的手法，先谈生命的易逝，然后再谈生命的永久，以小草、小牛犊为例，从正面展开，指出“它却永远存在”；最后联系现实生活，高唱生命的赞歌，突出了文章的主旨。,写作借鉴1.欲扬先抑，突出主旨。 在写法上，采用欲扬先,2.,表达生动，说理形象。,本文是一篇哲理散文，综合运用了描写、抒情等表达方式，形象生动地进行说理，便于读者深入理解。,2.表达生动，说理形象。 本文是一篇哲理散文，综合运用,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,人为什么活着？,金钱,名利,荣誉,梦想,状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路,我为什么而活着,我为什么而活着,学习目标,反复诵读课文，理清行文思路，了解哲理散文的特点。,（重点）,理清文章思路，揣摩文章中重要语句，理解其哲理意蕴。,（难点）,理解作者崇高的品质和博大的胸襟，树立积极向上的人生观和价值观。,学习目标反复诵读课文，理清行文思路，了解哲理散文的特点。（重,罗素,（,1872,1970,），英国哲学家、数学家、作家，获,1950,年诺贝尔文学奖。主要著作有,哲学原理,哲学问题,论教育,物的分析,等。,作者简介,罗素（18721970），英国哲学家、数学家、作家,我为什么而活着,：选自,罗素自传,第一卷（商务印书馆,2015,年版）。胡作玄、赵慧琪译。有改动。本文是,罗素自传,的序言，从中可看出罗素思想的全部内涵，也可以看作罗素生活的宣言书。,写作背景,我为什么而活着：选自罗素自传第一卷（商务印书,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,生难字,遏,制（ ）,飓,风（ ）,肆,意（ ）,濒,临（ ） 俯,瞰,（ ） 深,渊,（ ）,星,辰,（ ）,j,s,bn,k,n,yun,ch,n,字词学习,状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路,（ ）震颤,（ ）颤栗,（ ）号角,（ ）呼号,多音字,号,h,o,h,o,颤,ch,n,zh,n,（ ）震颤（ ）颤栗（ ）号角（,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,词语集注,遏制：,制止；控制。,飓风：,发生在大西洋西部的热带气旋，是一种极强烈的风暴。,濒临：,紧接，临近。,俯瞰：,俯视。,状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,这三种纯洁而无比强烈的感情支配着我的一生。,对爱情的渴望,对知识的追求,对人类苦难不可遏制的同情,课文讲解,状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路,品味“,这三种感情就像飓风一样，在深深的苦海上，肆意地把我吹来吹去，吹到濒临绝望的边缘,”一句的妙处？,把“三种感情”比作“飓风”，形象地写出了三种人生追求对作者的重要影响；,“深深的苦海”指苦难深重的现实社会。,比喻,品味“这三种感情就像飓风一样，在深深的苦海上，肆意地,这句话形象地写出了作者在追求理想的过程中，遭遇各种困难，甚至濒临绝望的境地，强调了现实的残酷与追求过程的艰难。,这句话形象地写出了作者在追求理想的过程中，遭遇各种困,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,第,3,段作者写寻求知识包括了哪几个方面？,1.,了解人类心灵；,2.,了解星辰为什么发光；,3.,理解毕达哥拉斯的思想威力。,人,自然,社会,人类知识,状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路,爱情和知识，尽其可能地把我引,向云霄,，但是同情,心,总把我带回尘世。,谈谈你对第,4,段开头一句话含义的理解。,爱情和知识把罗素引向美好的理想境界，而对于人类苦难的同情又使他把目光投向了现实世界，这体现了一个伟大思想家拯救人类苦难的良知。,爱情和知识，尽其可能地把我引向云霄，但是同情心总把我,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,对爱情的渴望,对知识的追求,对人类,苦难的同情,是按照境界、感情的由浅入深的逻辑顺序排列的,作者的这三种感情有没有内在的逻辑顺序？,状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路,这就是我的一生，我觉得我活着值得。如果有机会的话，我还乐意再活一次。,最后一段在文中的作用是什么？,抒情，表达了作者对自己人生所追求的三种感情的坚守和执着，抒发了作者热爱人类、热爱生活的思想感情。深化了文章的主题，进一步提升了文章的感染力。,这就是我的一生，我觉得我活着值得。如果有机会的话，我,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,深入探究,罗素认为除了爱情和知识之外，还需要同情心来支配他的一生，你是如何理解的？谈谈你的看法。,对人类苦难的同情心使得作者把目光投向了现实世界，而人间的悲凉和苦难，又引起他“不可遏制”的同情心。,状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路,作者需要同情心来支配他的一生，是因为这一追求是另外两个追求的基础，使另外两个追求有了现实意义。,作者需要同情心来支配他的一生，是因为这一追求是另外两,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,渴望爱情,博大的情怀,崇高的人格,寻求知识,我为什么而活着,爱情带来狂喜,了解人的心灵（人类）,同情苦难,知道星辰为何发光（自然）,结构梳理,爱情解除孤寂,使人看到仙境的神秘缩影,理解毕达哥拉斯的思想威力（社会）,饥饿的儿童,被压迫、被折磨的受害者,孤苦无依的老人,充满孤寂、贫穷和痛苦的世界,状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路状元成才路,文章以真挚的态度、朴素的语言道出了自己的人生追求和价值取向，表达了对爱情、知识的执着追求，以及对人类苦难的同情与悲悯，表现了一个思想家博大的情怀和崇高的思想境界。,主旨概括,文章以真挚的态度、朴素的语言道出了自己的人生追求和价,写作借鉴,1.,层次分明。,作者在开头首先概括了自己的三大人生追求,对爱情的渴望、对知识的追求、对人类苦难不可遏制的同情；然后对三大追求逐一阐明理由；最后总结全文，重申活着的价值。而且三大追求之间按照境界、感情的由浅入深的顺序排列，使整篇文章严谨有致。,写作借鉴1.层次分明。 作者在开头首先概括了自己的三大,2.,语言凝练。,个性化的表述流露出作者独特、细腻的情感体验。例如，言及爱情之于摆脱孤寂的意义时，用“冰冷死寂、深不可测的深渊”的比喻描述“孤寂”的可怕，用“所想象的仙境的神秘缩影”来表述自己所追寻的美好的爱情境界。,2.语言凝练。 个性化的表述流露出作者独特、细腻的情感,点击画面，播放视频,拓展延伸,点击画面，播放视频拓展延伸,读了课文，你感受到两位作者怎样的胸怀和境界？你对自己的人生有哪些新的认识与思考？,课后作业,读了课文，你感受到两位作者怎样的胸怀和境界？你对自己,声 明,本文件仅用于个人学习、研究或欣赏，以及其他非商业性或非盈利性用途，但同时应遵守著作权法及其他相关法律的规定，不得侵犯本司及相关权利人的合法权利。,除此以外，将本文件任何内容用于其他用途时，应获得授权，如发现未经授权用于商业或盈利用途将追加侵权者的法律责任。,武汉天成贵龙文化传播有限公司,湖北山河律师事务所,声 明,第二课时,中国人失掉自信力了吗,第二课时 中国人失掉自信力了吗,1.,了解时代背景，把握作者的观点，理清作者的论证思路。,2.,学习直接批驳与间接批驳相结合的方法。,3.,品味本文尖锐犀利、内涵丰富、富有战斗性的语言。,学习目标,1.了解时代背景，把握作者的观点，理清作者的论证思路。学习目,新课导入,回顾,2017,中国成就,新课导入回顾2017中国成就,走近作者,【鲁迅】,，,原名,周树人,，字,豫才,，浙江绍兴人，著名,文学,家、,思想,家，中国现代文学的奠基人。,【代表作】,小说集,呐喊彷徨,，散文集,朝花夕拾,，散文诗集,野草,，,杂文,集热风坟等。,走近作者 【鲁迅】，原名周树人，字豫才，浙江绍兴人，著,背景介绍,文章写于,“,九一八,”,事变三周年之际，主要是为了反驳当时有些人散布对抗日前途的悲观论调、错误论调，鼓舞当时的民族自信心。本文选自,且介亭杂文,（,鲁迅全集,第,6,卷），属鲁迅后期杂文。,背景介绍 文章写于“九一八”事变三周年之际，主要是为了,文体知识,议论文分类,立论文,驳论文,议论文三要素：,论点、论据、论证,文体知识议论文分类立论文议论文三要素：论点、论据、论证,驳论：,用正确的观点披露或驳斥错误的观点，从而进一步阐明和确立正确的观点。,一般结构和形式：,1.,指出错误论点、论据或论证（树靶子）,2.,批驳错误论点、论据或论证,3.,指明错误的实质或危害（打倒靶子）,驳论：用正确的观点披露或驳斥错误的观点，从而进一步阐明和确立,杂文：,不像一般的议论文那样地说理，而是用文艺性的笔调，形象化手法来议论说理。兼有政论、文艺两种因素。,特点：,篇幅短小，取材广泛,敏锐迅速，泼辣犀利，战斗性强（像匕首、投枪，能和读者一同杀出一条血路）,冷嘲热讽、幽默风趣,说理生动、议论生动,杂文：不像一般的议论文那样地说理，而是用文艺性的笔调,字词积累,玄,虚,祈,祷,省,悟,搽,粉,慨,叹,诓,骗,诬,蔑,脊,梁,xun,do,xng,ch,ki,kung,mi,j,字词积累玄虚 祈祷 省悟 搽粉xund,【玄虚】,空而不切实，不可信。,【慨叹】,有所感触而叹息。,【怀古伤今】,追念古代的事情，因现在的事而悲伤。,【前仆后继】,前面的人倒下去，后面的人继续上去。形容英勇奋斗，不怕牺牲。,【自欺欺人】,指用自己都难以置信的话或手法去欺骗别人；欺骗自己，也欺骗别人。,【玄虚】空而不切实，不可信。【慨叹】有所感触而叹息。【怀古伤,整体感知,“中国人失掉自信力了”,阅读全文，说说对方的错误观点是什么。,整体感知“中国人失掉自信力了”阅读全文，说说对方的错误观点是,信“地”,信“物”,信“国联”,从来没相,信过自己,现在：求神拜佛,他信力,作者为什么认为它是错误的？,自欺力,信“地”从来没相现在：求神拜佛他信力作者为什么认为它是错误,1.,作者既然认为对方的论点是错误的，为什么还要承认对方说的都是事实？,承认对方的论据是事实，但通过分析事实发现对方的论据不能得出“失去自信”这个论点，,由真实的存在依据推出错误的结论，从而证明对方的论点是错误的。,诵读课文,15,段，讨论探究,细读感悟,1.作者既然认为对方的论点是错误的，为什么还要承认对方说的都,“求神拜佛”恐怕是反动派在山穷水尽时自欺欺人的最后一招，作者,一针见血指出其危害，揭露他们投降卖国的本质，触到了他们的痛处。,2.,第,4,段有一部分加点的文字，反动派删掉它说明了什么？,“求神拜佛”恐怕是反动派在山穷水尽时自欺欺人的最后一,3.,在文章前两段话中，揭示了对方的什么谬误论点？这论点以什么作论据？哪些语句最富于讽刺意味？,对方的谬误论点是：,中国人失掉自信力了。,对方论据是：,公开的文字的三个阶段。,3.在文章前两段话中，揭示了对方的什么谬误论点？这论点以什么,最富于讽刺意味的文字是：,“总自夸”“只希望”“一味求神拜佛，怀古伤今了”“是事实”“也是事实”“却也是事实”“于是有人慨叹曰”,最富于讽刺意味的文字是： “总自夸”“只希望”“一味求,文中“他信力”“自欺力”加引号有何作用？,起讽刺否定的作用。,“失掉了他信力,倒是一条新生路。”这里的“新生路”指什么？,指相信自己的力量，号召全国民众团结起来抗日救亡。,文中“他信力”“自欺力”加引号有何作用？起讽刺否定的作用。,找批驳的“突破口”,对方谬误的薄弱环节，抓住了它，就能击中要害。,4.,这一部分采用了怎样的论证方法？,找批驳的“突破口”对方谬误的薄弱环节，抓住了它，就能击中要害,自夸“地大物博”,希望国联,求神拜佛,“自欺力”,论据不能证明其论点,是“他信”,是“自欺”,是事实,也是事实,却也是事实,直接反驳,“他信力”,是信“地”,信“物”,自夸“地大物博”希望国联 求神拜佛“自欺力”论据不能证明其论,品读,68,段，讨论探究,作者是怎么证明自己的论点的？,品读68段，讨论探究作者是怎么证明自己的论点的？,我们有并不失掉自信力的中国人在,埋头苦干的人，拼命硬干的人，为民请命的人，舍身求法的人,这就是中国的脊梁,这一类人们坚持抗战和民族解放,正面立论，间接反驳敌论点,我们有并不失掉自信力的中国人在埋头苦干的人，拼命硬干的人，为,阅读最后一段，思考：,1.,本文的结论是什么？,自信力的有无，状元宰相的文章不足为据，要看地底下。（要从本质上看问题，指出真正有自信力的是中国的革命人民）,作用：照应题目，作出回答,阅读最后一段，思考：1.本文的结论是什么？ 自信力的有,鲁迅为什么反复强调“中国人的脊梁”？,只有称得上“脊梁”的人才算是真正意义的中国人，为人民着想，代表最广大人民的利益，永远也不会失掉自信力。评价中国人应该去评价这部分人，在当时只有中国共产党和广大的抗日军民才能算是“中国的脊梁”，而不是开头提到的那些。,鲁迅为什么反复强调“中国人的脊梁”？ 只有称得上“脊梁,论据,论点：,两年前：,不久：,现在：,自夸“地大物博”,希望国联,求神拜佛,中国人失掉自信力了,直接反驳,失掉的是“他信力”,发展着“自欺力”,（,12,）,（,35,）,敌论据论点,偷换概念,课堂小结,论据论点：两年前：不久：现在： 自夸“地大物博”希望国联求神,间接反驳,己论点,有并不失掉自信力的中国人在,己论据,古,今,结论,:,自信力的有无，状元宰相的文章不足为据，看地底下,脊 梁,（,68,）,（,9,）,以偏概全,埋头苦干的人,拼命硬干的人,为民请命的人,舍身求法的人,有确信,不自欺,前仆后继的战斗,间接反驳己论点 有并不失掉自信力的中国人在 己论据古今,