,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,English Lexicology,Lecture Six,English LexicologyLecture Six,Other Word-formation Processes,Conversion,Blending,shortening,Other Word-formation Processes,Conversion,A change in word class without the addition of an affix is known as conversion.,In other words,conversion is a process by which a word belonging to one word class is transferred to another word class without any change in form.,It is a productive device for the creation of new words since there is no restriction on the form.,ConversionA change in word cla,As the distinction between conversion and functional shift(the extension of an existing word to take on a new syntactic function)is not well-defined,conversion is also called functional shift.,There are four major kinds of conversion:from noun to verb,from verb to noun,from adjective to noun and from adjective to verb.,As the distinction between con,Noun,verb:,to air,to arm,to bottom,to cup,to fish,to mouth,to tooth,e.g.,We hold meetings where the residents problems can be,aired,.,They quickly,armed,themselves with sticks.,Prices are stilling falling,but show no signs of,bottoming,out.,Noun verb:to air,to arm,t,Verb,noun:,a call,a command,a count,a go,a guess,a look,a walk,e.g.,Dont try to eat the whole thing in one,go,.,Hold your breath for a,count,of ten.,Can you wait while I make another,call,?,Verb noun:a call,a command,Adjective,verb:,to better,to blind,to bold,to brave,to dirty,to empty,e.g.,The low sun,blinded,her as she drove up the hill.,You can use your,bold,to make the information stand out a little more.,It was time to,brave,the rush hour traffic again.,Adjective verb:to better,t,Adjective,noun:,best,poor,rich,blind,convertible,daily,double,e.g.,Ill do my,best,to help you.,You can adjust the,blinds,to keep out the glare.,Id booked two single rooms,but they gave us a,double,.,Adjective noun:best,poor,Auxiliary verbs,adverbs,modal verbs,prepositions,conjunctions,interjections and even affixes can all act as bases for conversion,e.g.,He,downed,his beer and left.,The company has had its share of,ups,and,downs,.,Good binoculars are a,must,for any serious birdwatcher.,Are you,out,to your parents?,Auxiliary verbs,adverbs,moda,Among the different types of conversion,the formation of a verb by converting a noun,adjective or other word is very common.For example,the noun,chair,becomes the verb,to chair,as in,chair the meeting,.This process is known as a type of,verbification,.,This type of verbification often involves simple conversion of a non-verb to a verb.Verbified words are often found in colloquial English,where the speaker needs to describe common actions or experiences.,Among the different types of c,Some of the most common words include,access,aim,bed,beer,brave,clean,cup,deck,e-mail,fool,impact,pension,ship,train,and so on,.,The formation of a noun by converting a verb,adjective or other word is also very common.,This process is often referred to as a type of,nominalization,.,Some of the most common words,For example,the verb,run,is used as the noun,run,as in,I went for a run after work,.This type of nominalization is widely used as one of the most flexible and creative linguistic devices in English.,Although it is very difficult to tell which form arose first,these two types of conversion do exist.,For example,the verb run is u,Sometimes when a word consisting of two or more syllables undergoes conversion,there is a change in the stress pattern.,Sometimes when a word consisti,英语词汇学教程ppt课件第6章English-Lexicology-6上,Blending,Blending refers to the process of combining parts of two words to form a third word which contains some of the meaning of each part.Blends are compounds that are less than compounds.,Among the better-known blends are,smog,(from,smoke,and,fog,),fruice,(from,fruit,and,jiuce,),glasphalt,(from,glass,and,asphalt,),modem,(from,modulator,and,demodulator,)and,urinalysis,(from,urine,and,analysis,).,BlendingBlending refers to the,In the formation of a blend,the first part of the first element is added to the second part of the second element.Most blends are nouns,but a few are adjectives such as,glitzy,(from,glitter,and,ritzy,),and verbs such as,skyjack,(from,sky,and,hijack,).,In the formation of a blend,Structurally,there are four common types of blends.,The first type of blends is a full word followed by a splinter,e.g.,wintertainment,(from winter+entertainment),chatire,(from chat+satire).Blends can also begin with a splinter,followed by a full word,e.g.,cinemenace,(from cinema+menace).,Structurally,there are four c,The second type of blends consists of two splinters.There are two subtypes.In some cases,the beginning of one word is followed by the end of another word,e.g.,psychergy,(from psychic+energy).,In other cases,both splinters are the beginnings of words,e.g.,sitcom,(from situation+co