单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,目的,映射应用架构阶段定义的应用构建到一系列技术构建，这些技术构建表现为从市场得到的或组织内配置在技术平台里的硬件和软件,由于定义了架构解决方案的物理实现，技术架构与实施和迁移计划联系紧密,技术架构将定义技术组合的基线和目标视图，详细的面向目标架构的路线图，以及识别路线图中关键的工作包,技术架构阶段的方法,识别主要应用构件需求（无论是内部还是行业，在需求和可用间选择）,检查技术参考模型和目标状态（特别是建立定义好的重用构建快）,定义成本模型和时间模型,更多考虑外包、采购、租赁、更新期、通用部署、产品开发、测试等,技术架构储藏库,已有的IT服务目录,TOGAF的TRM,通用的技术模型，如TMF,技术架构开发方法,输入,外部,参考资料,架构参考资料（,P2,）,产品候选信息,非架构的输入,架构工作要求书（,P7,）,能力评估（,P4,）,沟通计划（,P4,）,架构的输入,企业架构组织模型,定制的架构框架,技术原则,架构工作说明书,架构愿景,架构储藏库（可重用的构建块、共用的参考模型、组织特定参考模型、组织标准）,架构定义文档草稿,架构需求规格说明书草稿,架构路线图的业务、数据和应用架构构件,输入,优化和更新架构愿景阶段的交付物,架构工作说明书（,P8,）,验证的技术原则和新技术原则,架构定义文档草稿,基线技术架构,1.0,版,目标技术架构,1.0,版（技术构件以及信息系统的关系、技术平台、环境及位置、预计的处理量和在技术构件上的分布、物理（网络）通信、硬件和网络规格等）,技术架构相关视图,架构需求规格书草稿,差距分析结果,阶段,B,和,C,的需求输出,更新的技术需求,输出,技术架构开发步骤,下面是完成技术架构主要活动的列表，在十几架构开发中可能有不同的顺序,活动包括：,选择参考模型、视点和工具,开发基准技术架构描述,开发目标技术架构描述,进行差距分析,定义路线图构件,解决跨架构图景的影响,进行利益相关者的正式审查,最终确定技术架构,建立架构定义文档,SWOT,分析,技术架构对业务流程改进和实施后支持人员的影响,细节,技术模型的类型,开发方法选择,-,自建、外包等,成本和时间模型,对标准和技术业务周期的影响,参考模型 TRM,移植性,交互性,尽量减少交互的变化,Figure 43-1 Technical Reference Model,High-Level View,TRM 细节图,The three entities:,Application Software(see Section 43.3.3),Application Platform(see Section 43.3.4),Communications Infrastr ucture(see Section 43.3.5),n The two interfaces:,Application Platform Interface(see Section 43.3.6),Communications Infrastructure Interface(see Section 43.3.7),Application Software,1.,Business Applications,which implement business processes for a particular enterprise or vertical industry.The internal structure of business applications relates closely to the specific application software configuration selected by an organization.,2.,Infrastructure Applications,which provide general-purpose business functionality,based on infrastructure ser vices.,Examples of business applications,Patient record management services used in the Medical industry,Inventor y management services used in the Retail industry,Geological data modeling services used in the Petroleum industry,Examples of Infrastructure applications,Electronic payment and funds transfer services,Electronic mail client services,Publish and subscribe,Intelligent agents,Calendaring and scheduling services,Groupware services,Workflow services,Spreadsheets,Presentation software,Document editing and presentation,Management applications,performing general-purpose system and network management functions for the system administrator,Software engineering tools,providing software development functions for systems development staff,Application Platform,Platform Concept,It is important to recognize that the Application Platform in the TOGAF TRM is a single,generic,conceptual entity.From the viewpoint of the TOGAF TRM,the Application Platform contains all possible services.In a specific Target Architecture,the Application Platform will contain only those services needed to support the required functions.,Moreover,the Application Platform for a specific Target Architecture will typically not be a single entity,but rather a combination of different entities for different,commonly required functions,such as desktop client,file server,print server,application server,Inter net server,database server,etc.,Extending the TRM,Interfaces Between Services,A key goal of architecture development is for service modules to be capable of replacement by other modules providing the same service functionality via the same service API.,Future Developments,The TRM deals with future developments in the Application Platform in two ways.Firstly,as interfaces to services become standardized,functionality which previously for med par t of the Application Software entity migrates to become part of the Application Platform.Secondly,the TRM may be extended with new ser vice categories as new technology appears.,Communications Infrastructure,The Communications Infrastructure provides the basic services to,interconnect systems,and provide the,basic mechanisms,for opaque transfer of data.It contains the hardware and software elements which make up the,networking and physical communications links,used by a system,and of course all the other systems connected to the network.It deals with the complex world of networks and the physical Communications Infrastructure,including switches,ser vice providers,and the physical transmission media.,A primary driver in enterprise-wide Technology Architecture in recent years has been the growing awareness of the utility and cost-effectiveness of the,Internet as the basis of a Communications,Infrastructure for enterprise integration.This is causing a rapid increase in Inter,net usage and a steady increase,in the range of applications linking to the network for distributed operation.,Application Platform Interface,The Application Platform Interface(API)specifies a complete interface between the Application Software and the underlying Application Platform across which all services are provided.A rigorous definition of the interface results in application portability,provided that both platform and application co