,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2019/4/3,#,2024/11/17,1,一、范畴词的概念,具有概括意义,;,表示人或事物分类范畴的词语,;,常用在具体词的后面,对其进行分类总括,以便与其它词语搭配,.,2023/9/151一、范畴词的概念,2024/11/17,2,汉语里有些“范畴词”，其本身没有什么具体含义，只是重复地概括已表达的意思，,但它们在汉语,语法上,却是,不可缺少的词，如“环境”、“工作”、“状态”、“时期”、“历史”、“情况”、,“,因素”等。这类词语表明事物的范畴或属性，大多没有实质内容。若把他们搬到英语中势必冗余过多，因此应该把他们省略不译。,2023/9/152汉语里有些“范畴词”，其本身没有什么具体,2024/11/17,3,干热,环境,dry heat,计划生育,工作,family planning,落后,状态,backwardness,中国的现代化,建设,Chinas modernization,促进和平统一,事业,promote peaceful reunification,2023/9/153干热环境,2024/11/17,4,二,.,范畴词的分类,1.,名词性范畴词,工作,事业,关系,行为,因素,性质,局势,态度,1),计划工作中的严重失误,a serious mistake in(the work of)planning,2023/9/154二.范畴词的分类,2024/11/17,5,2),经济领域的改革,reforms in(the sphere of)the economy,3),我们必须反对铺张浪费行为,.We must oppose(the practice)of extravagance.,2023/9/1552)经济领域的改革,2024/11/17,6,4),这些困难的性质是暂时的,.These hardships are temporary(in nature).,5),我们要重视沿海与内地贫富差距问题。,We must pay close attention to(the problem of)the gap between coastal and inland areas.,2023/9/156,2024/11/17,7,6),中国与其它国家的密切合作关系,(the relationship of)close cooperation between China and other countries,7),加快经济改革步伐,to accelerate(the pace of)economic reform,2023/9/1576)中国与其它国家的密切合作关系,2024/11/17,8,8),各级政府必须解决提高工作效率的问题。,A:Governments at all levels must solve the problem of raising working efficiency.,B:Governments at all levels must increase working efficiency.,2023/9/158 8)各级政府必须解决提高工作效率的问,2024/11/17,9,2.,动词性范畴词,1,）采取,办法,我们的部队采取了缓慢前进的办法,.Our troops used the method of slow advance.,（,F,）,Our troops advanced slowly.,（,T,）,2023/9/1592.动词性范畴词,2024/11/17,10,2,）为做到这一点,将采取逐步过渡的办法,.In order to accomplish this,an approach of gradual transition will be adopted.,（,F,）,We shall accomplish this by a gradual transition.,（,T,）,2023/9/15102）为做到这一点,将采取逐步过渡的办法,2024/11/17,11,发挥,功能,起到,作用,3),这项措施将对投机倒把活动起到限制作用,.This measure will have a restrictive effect on the activities of speculators.,（,F,）,This measure will restrict the activities of speculators.,（,T,）,2023/9/1511发挥功能,起到作用,2024/11/17,12,实现,(,达到,),目标,(,目的,)4,）没有达到攻占长沙的目标,.The target of capturing Changsha failed to be achieved.,（,F,）,They failed to capture Changsha.(T),2023/9/1512 实现(达到)目标(目的)4,2024/11/17,13,采取,态度,5,）我们必须采取,知之为知之,不知为不知,的态度,.In all matters we must assume the attitude of admitting what we know and do not know.,（,F,）,We should always be ready to admit what we know and do not know.,（,T,）,2023/9/1513采取态度,2024/11/17,14,三、汉语范畴词英译方法,1.,省译使表达抽象化,1),如果我们不对儿童进行教育的话，那就要使他们沦入世世代代的,愚昧状态,。,Not to educate the children is to condemn them to repetitious,ignorance,.,2023/9/1514三、汉语范畴词英译方法,2024/11/17,15,2),朋友们听到玛丽家的,困难情况,之后，都主动向她伸出援助之手。,Marys friends offered her a helping hand after they heard about her family,difficulty,.,3,）各地领导部门要努力开拓,就业门路,。,Local authorities should work hard to create,jobs,.,2023/9/1515 2)朋友们听到玛丽家的困难情况,2024/11/17,16,2.,转译法使表达抽象化,1,）交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看 有没有修改的,地方,。,Before handing in your translation,you have to read it over and over again and see if there is,anything,in it to be corrected or improved.,2023/9/15162.转译法使表达抽象化,2024/11/17,17,2),我们应了解彼此的,生活情况,，建立人与人之间友谊的纽带。,We should share the,texture,of our daily lives and forge the human bonds of friendship.,living conditions:,生活条件,texture:,怎样生活或生活得如何,2023/9/15172)我们应了解彼此的生活情况，建立人,2024/11/17,18,四、英语抽象名词的汉译,范畴化,英译汉时可以使英语抽象的概念具体化，根据具体的语境加上,“,方法,”,、,“,现象,”,、,“,局势,”,、,“,状态,”,、,“,情况,”,、,“,政策,”,、,“,做法,”,、,“,习俗,”,、,“,精神,”,、态度,”,：,“,问题,”,等范畴词，使译文含义清晰，行文流畅,。,2023/9/1518四、英语抽象名词的汉译,2024/11/17,19,1,）,It is enough to shatter,complacency.,足以打破,自满情绪,。,2,）,We have winked at these,irregularities,too long.,我们对这些越轨,行为,宽容得太久了。,2023/9/15191）It is enough to s,2024/11/17,20,3,）,He was described as impressed by Dengs,flexibility,.,据说他对邓的灵活,态度,印象很深。,4,）,What they wanted most was an end of,uncertainties,.,他们最渴望的就是结束这摇摆不定的,局面。,2023/9/1520,2024/11/17,21,5)He discussed greatness and excellence.,他探讨了伟大和杰出的,涵义,。,6)He spoke with firmness,but his face was very sad and his eyes at times were dim.,他讲话时，,态度,坚定，但面带愁容，时而眼神黯淡。,2023/9/15215)He discussed gre,2024/11/17,22,7),This is the day for our two peoples to rise to the heights of greatness which can build a new and a better world.,现在该是我们两国人民为缔造一个崭新的、更加美好的世界而攀登这一伟大,境界,高峰的时候了。,2023/9/15227)This is the day,2024/11/17,23,8,）,stillness,静止静止状态,confusion,混乱混乱局面,measurement,测量测量方法,purification,净化净化过程,repetition,重复重复现象,management,管理管理方式,calculation,计算计算方法,accommodation,住宿住宿问题,joint,连接连接部分,saturation,饱和饱和状态,preparation,准备准备工作,remedies,补救补救措施,modification,修改修改方案,2023/9/1523 8）stillness,2024/11/17,24,2.,译抽象名词时增加另一个抽象名词,在抽象名词后面跟上另一个抽象名词来加强语气，强调说明前一个名词，两个名词互相解释。,1,）,Use your,intelligence,and youre sure to achieve something.,发挥你的,聪明才智,你一定能取得成就。,2023/9/15242.译抽象名词时增加另一个抽象名词,2024/11/17,25,2,）,zealousness,热情热情大方,thought,思想思想意识,morality,道德道德品质,pride,骄傲骄傲自大,tediousness,枯燥枯燥无味,contemptibility,卑鄙卑鄙无耻,silence,沉默沉默寡言,leisure,闲情闲情逸致,calmness,坦然坦然自若,cautiousness,谨慎谨慎小心,2023/9/15252）,2024/11/17,26,3.,译名词复数时增加表示门类、数量概念的词,可数名词是复数形式时，可根据具体情况增加表示门类、数量概念的词。这些概念词常是“们、一些、许多、这些、那些、各种、各类、各项、几个”等。,1,）,We admire him for the way in which he faces his,difficulties,.,我们赞赏他面对,各种困难,的做法。,20