Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,11/7/2009,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,By huang xianyong,语法复习-,句子成分,一、句子成分,（一）句子成分的定义：,构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。,二）主语：,主语(Subiect),是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：,During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.,We often speak English in class.,One-third of the students in this class are girls.,To swim in the river is a great pleasure.,Smoking does harm to the health.,The rich should help the poor.,（名词）,（代词）,（数词）,（不定式）,（动名词）,（名词化的形容词）,When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.,It is necessary to master a foreign language.,（主语从句）,（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）,（三）谓语,谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：,1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：,He practices running every morning.,The plane took off at ten oclock.,2、复合谓语：,（1）,由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：,You may keep the book for two weeks.,He has caught a bad cold.,（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：,We are students.,注意：,谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。,（四）表语,表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：,Our teacher of English is an,American,.,（名词）,Is it,yours,?,（代词）,The weather has turned,cold,.,（形容词）,The speech is,exciting.,（分词）,Three times seven is,twenty one,?,（数词）,His job is,to teach English,.,（不定式）,His hobby is,playing football,.,（动名词）,The meeting is,of great importance,.,（介词短语）,Time is,up,.The class is,over,.,（副词）,The truth is,that he has never been abroad,.,（表语从句）,注意：,系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。,1）,状态系动词,用来表示主语状态，只有,be,一词，例如：,He,is,a teacher.,2）,持续系动词,用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有,keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：,He always,kept,silent at meeting.,3）,表像系动词,用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有,seem,appear,look,例如：,He,seems,(to be)very sad.,4）,感官系动词,主要有,feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：,This kind of cloth,feels,very soft.,5）,变化系动词,表示主语变成什么样，主要有,become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run,.例如：,He,became,mad after that.,6）,终止系动词,表示主语已终止动作，主要有,prove,turn out,表达证实，变成之意，例如：,The rumor,proved,false.,His plan,turned out,a success.,（五）宾语,宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：,They went to see an exhibition yesterday.,The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.,How many dictionaries do you have?I have five.,（名词）,（代词、动名词）,（名词、数词）,They helped the old with their housework yesterday.,He pretended not to see me.,I enjoy listening to popular music.,I think（that）he is fit for his office.,（名词化形容词，名词）,（不定式短语,）,（动名词短语）,（宾语从句）,宾语种类,：,（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend,me your dictionary,please.,To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：,He sent the novel,to,William yesterday.,For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：,She bought a gift,for,her mother.,（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected,him their monitor,.,下列动词只能接不定式做宾语,ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,except,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：,He refused,to lend me his bike.,下列动词只能接动名词做宾语,admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：,John has admitted,breaking the window,.,下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如stop,mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。,（六）宾语补足语,英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语（Object Complement），才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等)+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：,His father named him Dongming.,They painted their boat white.,Let the fresh air in.,You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.,We saw her entering the room.,We found everything in the lab in good order.,We will soon make our city what your city is now.,（名词）,（形容词）,（副词）,（不定式短语）,（现在分词）,（介词短语）,（从句）,（七）定语,修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：,Guilin is a,beautiful,city.,（形容词,）,China is a,developing,country;America is a,developed,country.,（分词,）,There are thirty,women,teachers in our school.,（名词）,His,rapid progress in English made us surprised.,（代词）,Our monitor is always the first,to enter the classroom,.,（不定式短语）,The,teaching,plan for next term has been worked out.,（动名词）,He is reading an article,about how to learn English,.,（介词短语）,Farmers,who saw us,stared at us as if we are walking skeletons.,(定语从句),（八）状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示：,Light travels most quickly.,He has lived in the city for ten years.,He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.,（副词及副词性词组）,（介词短语）,（不定式短语）,He is in the room making a model plane.,Wait a minute.,Once you begin,you must continue.,（分词短语）,（名词）,（状语从句）,状语种类如下：,How about meeting again,at six,?,Last night she didnt go to the dance party,because of the rain,.,I shall go there,if it doesnt rain,.,Mr Smith lives,on the third floor,.,She put the eggs into the basket,with great care,.,（时间状语）,（原因状语）,（条件状语）,（地点状语）,（方式状语）,She came in,with a dictionary in her hand,.,In order to catch up with the others,I mus