,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Chapter four Inventory,Learning objective,To understand the importance of inventory management,To learn common inventory management solutions,To recognize the problems caused by keeping too much or too little inventory,Inventory Functionality,Inventory Cost,Planning Inventory,Chapter 4 Inventory Strategies and Management,Inventory,Management,Practices,Key,points:,geographical specialization;decoupling;balancing supply and demand;buffering uncertainty,Difficult points:,four prime functions of inventory,Requirements:,By the end of this lesson,you should be able to,describe the ideal situation from an inventory perspective.,understand four prime functions of inventory.,4.1,Inventory Functionality,From an inventory perspective,the ideal situation would be response capability to manufacture products to customer specification.While a zero-inventory manufacturing/distribution system is typically not attainable,it is important to remember that each dollar invested in inventory is a trade-off with an alternative use of assets that may provide a better return.,Inventory Functionality,While a zero-inventory manufacturing/distribution system is typically not attainable,it is important to remember that each dollar invested in inventory is a trade-off with an alternative use of assets that may provide a better return.,Sentence Explanations,尽管零存货的生产,/,分销体系通常是很不容易生成的，重要的是要记住投资于存货的每一美元都要与获得更多回报的资产使用进行均衡。,2,.,Given a specific manufacturing/marketing strategy,inventories planned and committed to operations can only be reduced to a level consistent with performing the four inventory functions.,Sentence Explanations,如果有一个明确详细的生产/营销战略的话，存货方案和实施运营只能降低到与执行这四个存货功能一致的水平。,3,.,With accumulated experience over a number of seasonal periods,the inventory required to achieve marginal sales during periods of high demand can be projected fairly well.,Sentence Explanations,由于不同季节所积累的经验，在需求顶峰期所需要到达边际销售量的存货就能够方案得相当完善。,1.,What would the ideal situation be from an inventory perspective?,2.Why do many enterprises still carry an average inventory that exceeds their basic requirements?Discuss the reasons through the four prime functions of inventory.,3.What are the four functions of inventory?,4.Discuss how the inventory creates value and reduce total cost.,Questions,4.2,Inventory Cost,Key points:,inventory cost;cycle inventory;fixed ordering cost;holding cost,Difficult points:,cycle inventory;fixed ordering cost,Requirements,：,By the end of this lesson,you should be able to,describe cycle inventory.,understand the concept of the fixed ordering cost.,understand the concept of hold cost.,understand the effects which should be considered in any lot sizing decision.,Inventory Cost,H=hC,To summarize,the costs that must be considered in any lot sizing decision are as follows:,Average price per unit purchased,$C/unit,Fixed ordering cost incurred per lot,$S/lot,Holding cost incurred per unit per year,$,h,/unit/year=hC,Before we can suggest actions that a manager can take to reduce cycle inventory,it is important to understand why stages of a supply chain produce or purchase in large lots and how lot size reduction affects supply chain performance.,Sentence Explanations,在我们能够建议一位经理采取降低循环存货的行动之前，理解其在供给链中处于哪一个生产阶段或在大批量采购中处于何种地位，以及怎样减低生产或采购规模能够影响供给链的运作是非常重要的。,2,.For example,a fixed administrative cost may be incurred to place an order,a trucking cost may be incurred to transport the order,and a labor cost incurred to receive the order.,Sentence Explanations,例如，因为去某地订货要发生固定的管理费用，为了运输或许会发生货车装运费用，接收订单或许会发生人工费用。,3.,The primary role of cycle,inventory is to allow different stages in the supply chain to purchase product in lot sizes that minimize the sum of the material,ordering,and holding cost.,Sentence Explanations,循环存货的主要作用是为供给链的不同阶段在采购产品时能够在原材料、订货和存货等的总体本钱上到达最小化。,1.What is cycle inventory?,2.What is the fixed ordering cost?,3.Describe the holding cost.,4.Discuss the affects which should be considered in any lot sizing decision.,Questions,Key points:,safety inventory;demand uncertainty;product availability,Difficult points:,product fill rate;order fill rate;cycle service level,Requirements:,By the end of this lesson,you should be able to,understand safety inventory.,describe the factors that determine the appropriate level of safety inventory.,understand how to measure product availability,.,4.3,Planning Inventory,Planning Inventory,The appropriate level of safety inventory is determined,by the following two factors:,1.The uncertainty of demand or supply,2.The desired level of product availability,Safety inventory is carried because demand forecasts are uncertain and a product shortage may result if actual demand exceeds the forecast demand.,Sentence Explanations,平安存货实施的原因是需求的预具有不确定性，如果实际需求超过预测需求，产品短缺就可能产生。,2.In the absence of demand uncertainty,such a policy ensures that the new lot arrives just as the last purse is being sold at t