单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Cooperative,Language Learning,Zhang Kun,1,Cooperative Language LearningZ,Background,?,Cooperative Language Learning(CLL)is,part of a more general instructional,approach also known as Collaborative,Learning(CL).,?,Cooperative Learning is an approach to,teaching that makes maximum use of,cooperative activities involving pairs and,small groups of learners in the classroom.,2,Background?Cooperative Languag,?,Traditional models of classroom learning,are teacher-fronted,foster competition,rather than cooperation,and favor majority,students.,?,CLL has been embraced as a way of,promoting communicative interaction in,the classroom and is seen as an extension,of the principles of Communicative,Language Teaching.It is learner-centered.,3,?Traditional models of classro,Approach,Theory of language,?,Cooperative Language Learning is,founded on 5 basic premises about the,interactive nature of language.,?,Premise 1 is that we are born to talk and,communication is considered as the,primary purpose of language.,4,ApproachTheory of language?Coo,?,Premise 2 is that most talk is organized as,conversation.,?,Premise 3 is that conversation operates,according to a certain agreed-upon set of,cooperative rules or“maxims”(Grices,Cooperative Principle).,?,Premise 4 is that one learns how these,cooperative maxims are realized in ones,native language through casual,everyday,conversational interaction.,5,?Premise 2 is that most talk i,?,Premise 5 is that one learns how the,maxims are realized in a second language,through participation in cooperatively,structured interactional activities.,6,?Premise 5 is that one learns,Theory of learning,?,Cooperative learning advocates draw on,the theoretical work of developmental,psychologists Jean Piaget and Lev,Vygotsky,both of whom stress the central,role of social interaction in learning.,?,As we have indicated,a central premise of,CLL is that learners develop,communicative competence in a language,by conversing in socially or pedagogically,structured situations.,7,Theory of learning?Cooperative,?,CLL seeks to develop classrooms that,foster cooperation rather than competition,in learning.Within cooperative situations,individuals seek outcomes beneficial to,themselves and all other group members.,It is contrasted with competitive learning in,which students work against each other to,achieve an academic goal such as a grade,of“A”.,8,?CLL seeks to develop classroo,Design,Objectives,?,To foster cooperation rather than,competition,?,To develop critical thinking skills,?,To develop communicative competence,9,DesignObjectives?To foster coo,The syllabus,?,CLL does not assume any particular form,of language syllabus,since activities from,a wide variety of curriculum orientations,can be taught via cooperative learning.,What defines CLL is the systematic and,carefully planned use of group-based,procedures in teaching.,10,The syllabus?CLL does not assu,Types of learning and teaching,activities,3 types of groups,?,Formal cooperative learning groups,?,Informal cooperative learning groups,?,Cooperative base groups,11,Types of learning and teaching,5 key elements of successful group-,based learning,?,Positive interdependence,?,Group formation,?,Individual accountability,?,Social skills,?,Structuring and structures,12,5 key elements of successful g,3 major kinds of cooperative learning,tasks,?,Team practice from common input-skills,development and mastery of facts,?,Jigsaw:differentiated but predetermined,input-evaluation and synthesis of facts and,opinions,?,Cooperative projects:topic/resources,selected by students-discovery learning,13,3 major kinds of cooperative l,Learner roles,?,The primary role of the learner is as a,member of a group who must work,collaboratively on tasks with other group,members.Learners have to learn,teamwork skills and direct their own,learning.,?,Pair grouping is the most typical CLL,format.,14,Learner roles?The primary role,Teacher roles,?,The role of the teacher in CLL differs largely,from that of teachers in traditional teacher-,fronted lesson.,?,The teacher has to create a highly structured,and well-organized learning environment by,setting goals,planning and structuring tasks,establishing the physical arrangement of the,classroom,assigning students to groups and,roles and selecting materials and time.,15,Teacher roles?The role of the,?,Teachers speak less than in teacher-,fronted class and they usually act as a,facilitator of learning.They usually move,around the class helping students and,groups as needs arise.,16,?Teachers speak less than in t,Procedure,?,This book provides an example of how a,collaborative writing lesson would be,carried out.A cooperative writing and,editing pair arrangement is used.,17,Procedure?This book provides a,Conclusion,Advantages,?,Providing opportunities for learners to,develop successful learning and,communication skills and to develop,friendship with pleasure,?