单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Direct Method,Group members:,秦丹凤,罗茜,尚宇,杨琨,蔡凤梅,Direct MethodGroup members:秦丹,1.Brief introduction of Direct Method,?,(1)Definition,:The Direct Method is a method,of foreign or second language teaching which,insists that only the target language,should be,used in class,and meanings should be,communicated,“directly”,by associating,speech forms with,actions,objects,mime,gestures,and situations,.,1.Brief introduction of Direc,?,(2)Emphasis:,?,the importance of,spoken language,therefore holds,that reading and writing should be taught only after,speaking.And it also believes in the natural process of,language learning and in the inductive teaching of,grammar.,?,(3)Rise and decline:,?,This method came about as a much needed,replacement for the grammar-translation method,(classic method),in the late 1800s,.,It faded,in the,early 1900s,as it was not practical in classroom,settings,and then saw a comeback under the name of,the,audio-lingual method after World War II.,?(2)Emphasis:?the importanc,2.Historical and social,background,2.Historical and social backg,2.Historical and social background,?,2.1 Necessity,:,?,In the late 19th century,with the,development of capitalism,all European countries,increased communication,with each,other.It gave rise to a social need for oral proficiency.,?,However,Grammar-Translation Method could not meet the,need.Thus,language teaching innovations were inevitable.,?,The Direct Method,as a reaction against the Grammar-,Translation Method,emerges as a result of the innovations.,2.Historical and social backg,2.2 Possibility:,?,The rapid development of,linguistics,psychology,and,education,provided the,theoretical basis for the establishment of the,Direct Method.,2.2 Possibility:?The rapid dev,Some important researchers and their,basic ideas,W.M.Wundt,laid the,psychological foundation,.,He claimed that feeling,not,thought,played the main,role in language psychology,so concepts and stimulus,should take feeling into,account,which had great,influence on the Direct,Method.,Hermann Paul,formed,the main,linguistic base.,He proposed the great,importance of,analogy,”,in language,which led to,the,principles of,imitation and repetition,of the Direct Method.,Some important researchers and,?,J.A.Comenius,s idea,education should be in,line with nature,which justified the views on,language teaching with the Direct Method.,His,“direct”principle,the principles of“from,concrete to abstract,from near to far,from known,to unknown,from simple to complex,from fact to,conclusion”are put into practice in the Direct,Method.,?,F.Gouins,linguistic and psychological theories,based on his observation of childrens use of,language were directly applied to the practice of,the Direct Method.,?J.A.Comeniuss idea educati,3.Linguistic and,psychological theories,behind Direct Method,3.1 Theory of language,3.2 Theory of learning,3.Linguistic and psychologica,3.1 Theory of language,(1),There exists no simple one-to-one relationship between,any two languages.,Thus translation should not be,taken as the main technique of language teaching.,Instead“direct”means should be promoted.,(2),Meanings are to be connected with the target language,without going through the process of translating into the,students native language.They should be,communicated“directly”by associating speech forms,with actions,objects,gestures,and situations.,(3),Language is proficiency,skills or habits.,The formation of,habits derives from continuous imitation and repetition.,(4),Language is an art.,not science.,Learning a language,largely lies in practice,not the knowledge of a,language.,3.1 Theory of language(1)Ther,(5),Sentence is the minimum unit of speech communication.,According to Gouin,verbal expression is closely linked with,thought about real events.Thought and corresponding,utterances do not occur randomly or singly;they come in,sequences and end-means series.In addition,concrete,meaning and usage of words can only be learned in,sentences.,(6),Historically speaking,spoken language came into being before,written language.,So speech patterns are fundamental while,written language derivational.This view accounts for the,emphasis on the priority for spoken language teaching in the,Direct Method.,(7)Spoken language is a learnable system of sounds,and sounds,are best described by phonetic transcription.Therefore,we,should attach great importance to phonetic teaching.,(5)Sentence is the minimum un,3.2 Theory of learning,(1)It is easier to,memorize things with relations,to others.,So learning through sentences is,better than learning isolated words.,(2),Emphasis on the priority for spoken,language fits psychological theories.,It,scattered the difficulties and makes,language easy to learn.Whereas students,may be frustrated if spoken and written,language comes at the same time.,3.2 Theory of learning(1)It i,(3)“Teaching a foreign language in that,language”has wide theoret