单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Impersonal VS.personal,Its raining cats and dogs.,狗在英语中大多数场合是褒义词,可用来形容值得怜悯信任的人,如help a dog over a still(助人度过难关),a lucky dog(幸运儿),an old dog(老手),love me,love my dog(爱屋及乌)。,cat也是西方人“宠物文化”中的重要成员；人们多用cat；来形容女人，称之为she；模特儿走的舞台步就叫 catwalk(猫步)，old cat 指脾气坏的老太婆，barbers cat 指“面有病容饥色的人”，儿童们常用copy cat 来指“看样学样的人，抄袭别人的人”，形容某人病得很厉害用 as sick as a cat;like a cat on hot bricks 旨“像热锅上的蚂蚁”；英语中还有一句谚语是：When the cats away，the mouse will play，意思是“当有权力、力气或影响力的人不在时，其他人就会无法无天、调皮捣蛋了”。,The government appears to have left open the door to the resurrection of the controversial“snooper”s charter“bill to track everyones email,internet and mobile text use.,Whitehall sources confirmed that the possibility of legislation remains under discussion despite a declaration by Nick Clegg that the communications data legislation“isnt going to happen while Lib Dems are in government“.,A Downing Street background briefing note on investigating crime in cyberspace published alongside the Queen”s speech says:“We are continuing to look at this issue closely and the governments approach will be proportionate,with robust safeguards in place.“,The text of the Queen”s speech gives the go-ahead to legislation,if needed,to deal with the limited technical problem of there being many more devices including phones and tablets in use than the number of internet protocol(IP)addresses that allow the police to identify who sent an email or made a Skype call at a given time.,The carefully crafted sentence agreed by the prime minister,David Cameron,and Clegg,says:“In relation to the problem of matching internet protocol addresses,my government will bring forward proposals to enable the protection of the public and the investigation of crime in cyberspace.”,General Profile,G.Leech&J.Svartvik(1974:25),Formal written language often goes with an impersonal style,i.e.one in which the speaker does not refer directly to himself or his readers,but avoids the pronouns,I,you,we,.Some of the common features of impersonal language are passives,sentences beginning with introductory,it,and abstract nouns.,Examples,The room was so dark that he found it difficult to see it clearly.,屋里太黑，他看不清晰。,An great idea suddenly struck me.,我突然想到了一个绝妙的方法。,物称非人称表达法是英语常见的文风，尤其常见于书面语，如公文、新闻、科技论著以及散文、小说等文学作品，这种表达法往往使表达显得客观、公正，构造趋于严密、紧凑，语气委婉、间接。,而汉语则较留意主体思维，这种思维模式以“万物皆备于我”作主导，往往从自我动身来表达客观事物，或倾向于描述人及其行为或状态，因而常用人称。当人称不言自明时，又常常隐含人称或省略人称。,-连淑能,英语用非人称主语时，往往留意“什么事发生在什么人身上”，而汉语则较常用人称主语表达，往往留意“什么人怎么样了”,E.g.1.What happened to you?,你怎么了？,2.Not a sound reached our ears.,我们什么都听不见。,3.A great elation overcame them.,他们欣喜假设狂。,4.The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.,我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。,5.The forty years,from 1840-1880,brought almost ten million migrants to America.,1840-1880,这四十年间，几乎有,1000,万人移居美国。,注：汉语中也有非人称作主语，后面跟“有灵动词”animate verb)的时候，但多见于拟人等修辞手法。,例：北京目睹过很多宏大的历史大事。,这本书见证了我们的爱情。,The carefully crafted sentence agreed by the prime minister,David Cameron,and Clegg,says:“In relation to the problem of matching internet protocol addresses,my government will bring forward proposals to,英语物称表达法常见于如下形式：,1,、以抽象名词或无生命的事物作主语,2,、以形式主语,it,开头的句子,Abstract Nouns or Things,1.转换非人称主语，将英语的简洁句拆成汉语的复合句：,1A very little encourage would set that worldly women to talk volubly,and pour out all within her.,这个老于世故的女人，只需要人家略微助助她的兴，她便马上滔滔不绝地把肚子里的话一股脑儿倒出来。,2The sight of a tailor-shop gave me a sharp longing to shed my rags,and to clothe myself decently once more.(Mark Twain:The Million-Pound Note),我一看到一家服装店，心里就升起了一阵猛烈的愿望，很想扔掉这身破烂，重新穿得体风光面地。,2.转换非人称主语，把英语的简洁句或复合句拆成汉语的并列句或流水句：,His winnings,a total of$4,404,put him in 160th place on the money list.,他总共获得4404美元，在奖金榜上位居第160位。,2His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.,他疲乏不堪，天气也越来越热。他决意一遇到个近便的阴凉处，就坐下休息。,3.把非人称主语句转换成汉语的无主句或主语泛称句：,1The mastery of a language requires painstaking effort.,要把握一门语言，必需下苦功夫。,2A little flattery will fetch him.,只需一点甜言蜜语，他便能为你,鞍前马后。,4.把非人称主语转换为汉语的状语或介词短语：,1 March 1940 found me working in a small construction firm.,1940年3月，我在一家小型建筑公司工作。,2My first day in London started with a morning visit to the British Museum.,抵达伦敦的第一天上午，我就去参观了大英博物馆。,5.把非人称主语转换为汉语的外位成分，汉语的主语用“这”来代替这个外位成分：,1His knowledge of applied science will stand him in good stead.,他懂得应用科学，这对他很有利。,2The kaleidoscope of shifting interests of the nations during the negotiation made it impossible to sort out the“winners”and“losers”.,在谈判期间，各国利益变化不定，似乎万花筒似的，这就使人难以区分出究竟谁赢谁输。,With An Introductory,It,It is not our view that the substance or the tone of his remarks this morning will contribute to creating a lasting peace in the Middle East.,我们认为，他今日上午发言的内容或语气都无助于中东长期和平的建立。,“It is not surprising that some officials may want to keep trying,having already failed three times under two different governments,to introduce massively intrusive powers,but that is quite clearly not what Her Majesty has put forward today，”said Emma Carr,the deputy director of the privacy and civil liberties campaign group Big Brother Watch.,艾玛卡尔说：“某些官员不会这么轻言放弃，这是