,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,Grammar,独立主格,Grammar独立主格,1,【独立主格结构的概念】,独立主格结构是一种特殊的结构，可以理解为一个在句中做,的短语，用于修饰整个句子。其位置灵活，可位于句前、句中或句末，常由逗号将其与句子分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。,独立主格结构主要有两部分构成：逻辑主语和逻辑谓语。,作为逻辑主语；现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语等作为逻辑谓语。,状语,名词或代词,【独立主格结构的概念】独立主格结构是一种特殊的结构，,2,独立主格结构具有两个特点：,1.独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独,立存在。,2.独立主格结构一般用逗号与句子分开。,独立主格结构有三种类型：,1.逻辑主语+非谓语动词,（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）,2.逻辑主语+(being)+表语,(名词、形容词、副词、介词短,语),3.,with/without+复合宾语,（不定式、现在分词、过去,分词、形容词、副词、介词短语）,独立主格结构具有两个特点：独立主格结构有三种类型：,3,(一)非谓语动词独立主格结构,逻辑主语+非谓语动词(,不定式、现在分词、过去分词,),1.“名词/代词+不定式”结构,由不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示,还未发生的动作,或状态,，在句中常作,，偶尔作,。,e.g.His friends to come tonight,he is busy preparing the dinner.,e.g.No one to wake me up,I might be late for the first class.,如果没人叫醒我，我会错过第一节课的。,原因状语,条件状语,(一)非谓语动词独立主格结构 1.“名词/代词+不定式”结,4,2.“名词/代词+现在分词”结构,该结构在句中常作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、方式或伴随状语等。,(1)作,状语：,Everyone having sat down,the teacher began his class.,每个人都坐好后，老师开始上课。,(相当于时间状语从句:When everyone had sat down),(2)作,状语：,The boy leading the way,we had no trouble getting out of the,forest.由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就走出了森林。,(相当于原因状语从句:Because the boy led the way),时间,原因,2.“名词/代词+现在分词”结构该结构在句中常作时间状语、,5,2.“名词/代词+现在分词”结构,(3)作,状语：,My health allowing,I will work far into the night.,我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。,（相当于条件状语从句：If my health allows）,(4)作,状语：,We redoubled our efforts,each man working like two,.,我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。,The students are walking in the school happily,each,wearing a card in front of his chest.,学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。,条件,方式或伴随,2.“名词/代词+现在分词”结构(3)作,6,3.“名词/代词+过去分词”结构,该结构在句中常作 时间状语、原因状语、方式或伴随状语、条件状语等。,(1)作,状语：,The test finished,well have our summer vocation.,考试结束以后，我们将开始暑假了。,(2)作,状语：,Thousands of eyes fixed upon him,Nick felt on edge.,上千只眼睛看着他，尼克感到紧张。,时间,原因,3.“名词/代词+过去分词”结构该结构在句中常作 时间状,7,(3)作,状语：,When in trouble,Sam would sit alone,head bend,.,萨姆遇到麻烦时，总是独自坐着，头低着。,3.“名词/代词+过去分词”结构,(4)作,状语：,More time given,we can finish the work.,如果给我们更多的时间，我们就能完成这项工作。,方式或伴随,条件,(3)作 状语,8,【综合比较三种非谓语动词独立主格结构】,1.名词或代词+不定式,其中的不定式通常表示尚未发生或即将要发生的动作。,2.名词或代词+现在分词,其中的现在分词通常表示动作正在进行（或当时正在进行）。有时现在分词不表示进行，而表示一般情况的状态或动作。,3.名词或代词+过去分词,其中的过去分词通常表示被动意义或完成意义。,Their room was on the third floor,its window overlooking the sports ground.,他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。,【综合比较三种非谓语动词独立主格结构】1.名词或代词+不定,9,The manager looks worried，many things to settle.,经理看上去很着急,有这么多的事情要处理。,（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle）,The manager looks relaxed,many things settled.,许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。,（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束）,【综合比较三种非谓语动词独立主格结构】,The manager looks worried，many,10,The food being cooked,the boy was watching TV.,小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。,（两个动作同时进行）,The food cooked,the boy went to bed.,饭做好了，小孩去睡了。,（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的）,【综合比较三种非谓语动词独立主格结构】,The food being cooked,the boy,11,1.Darkness _ in,the young people strolled on the,streets.,A.set B.setting C.has set D.was set,2.A new technique _,the production increased by 20,percent.,A.to have been worked outB.having worked out,C.working out D.having been worked out,【当堂检测】,1.Darkness _ in,the you,12,4._,Ill go there with you tomorrow afternoon.,A.Time permits B.If time permitting,C.Time permitting D.Times permitting,5._,we all went home happily.,A.Goodbye was said B.Goodbye had been said,C.Goodbye said D.When goodbye said,6.She stood there,_ from her cheeks.,A.tears rolling down B.tears rolled down,C.with tears rolled down D.tears rolling down,【当堂检测】,4._,Ill go there with,13,1.逻辑主语+非谓语动词,（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）,2.逻辑主语+(being)+表语,(名词、形容词、副词、介词短,语),3.,with/without+复合宾语 宾语+宾语补足语,（不定式、现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词、介词短语）,非谓语动词独立主格结构,复习,独立主格结构有三种类型：,无动词独立主格结构,1.逻辑主语+非谓语动词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）非,14,（二）无动词独立主格结构,英语中常用的还有一类无动词独立主格结构。这种结,构往往看作是“名词/代词+being+表语”结构中省略了,being,主要有如下几种情况：,1.逻辑主语+名词,Many people come to visit the city,.,很多人来参观这个城市，其中大多数是外国人。,I received many Christmas gifts,.,我收到了很多圣诞礼物，其中一些是书籍。,2.逻辑主语+形容词,He turned to me,his eyes sleepy,.他睡眼惺忪地转向我。,（his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being）,The little girl entered the room,with cold,.,小女孩走进了房间，她的脸冻红了。,most of them foreigners,some of them books,her face red,（二）无动词独立主格结构英语中常用的还有一类无动词独立主格结,15,3.逻辑主语+副词,School over,we all went home.放学了，我们都回家了。,（school和over之间省去了being）,I cant focus my mind on the work.,音乐开着，我不能专心工作。,（二）无动词独立主格结构,4.逻辑主语+介词短语,He is standing in front of the blackboard,his back towards us.,他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。,it is going to rain soon.,天空黑云密布，很快就要下雨。,The music on,Dark clouds in the sky,3.逻辑主语+副词（二）无动词独立主格结构4.逻辑主语+,16,注意:1.在表示方式的独立主格结构中，为了使句子简洁,往往将“逻辑主语+介词短语”中的冠词或代词都省略。,The guard stood by the door,(a)gun in(his)hand.,警卫站在门旁，手里拿着枪。,She came in,(a)smile on(her)face.,她进来了，脸上带着笑。,（二）无动词独立主格结构,2.独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略：,一是在“There being+名词”结构中；,二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。,There being no bus,we had to walk home.,由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。,It being Sunday,all the offices are closed.,因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。,注意:1.在表示方式的独立主格结构中，为了使句子简洁,往,17,（二）无动词独立主格结构,当堂检测,1._ no bus,we had to walk home.,A.There was B.There being,C.Because there being D.There were,2._,we all went swimming in high spirits.,A.It being fine weather B.It fine weather,C.It was fine weather D.It being a fine weather,3._,the hunter went into the forest.,A.A gun on shoulder B.A