Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,-FLIGHT ACADEMICS,-FLIGHT ACADEMICS,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,PRINCIPLES OF INSTRUMENT FLIGHT,Flight Instrument Systems,Gyroscopic Instruments,PRINCIPLES OF INSTRUMENT FLIGH,Required Instruments for IFR Flight,All required for VFR Flight-plus:,Required Instruments for IFR F,“,GRABCARDD,”,91.205(d)&(e),G,enerator or alternator,R,adios:,Two-way Communication,AND,navigation equipment appropriate to facilities used,A,ltimeter(adjustable),B,all(slip&skid indicator),C,lock,A,ttitude Indicator,R,ate of turn indicator,D,irectional gyro,D,ME at&above FL 240,“GRABCARDD”91.205(d)&(e)G,Equipment tests&inspections required for IFR,A,irworthiness Directives(recurring/one-time),V,OR(preceding 30 days),I,nspections(Annual/100 hour if for hire),A,ltimeter(preceding 24 calendar months,T,ransponder(preceding 24 calendar months),E,LT(preceding 12 calendar months),S,tatic system(preceding 24 calendar mo.),Equipment tests&inspections,Gyroscopic Flight Instruments,Attitude Indicator-Heading Indicator-Turn Coordinator,Gyroscopic Flight InstrumentsA,Flight Instrument Systems,Vacuum System,Attitude Indicator&,Heading Indicator,Electrical System,Turn Coordinator,Serves as backup in case of vacuum system failure,Flight Instrument SystemsVacuu,Vacuum System,VACUUM SYSTEM,Vacuum SystemVACUUM SYSTEM,Gyroscopic Principles,Rigidity in Space,Precession,Gyroscopic PrinciplesRigidity,Rigidity in Space,A wheel spinning rapidly tends to remain fixed in the plane in which it is spinning.,Gimbals allows the gyro to rotate freely in any plane,Gives us a center of reference that doesn,t change with aircraft attitude,Rigidity in SpaceA wheel spinn,Gyro stays fixed as aircraft moves around it,Gyro stays fixed as aircraft m,Precession,Apply a force on a spinning gyro,its effect will be felt at the 90 degree position in the plane of rotation.,Caused by friction:,-in gimbals,-in bearings,Results in:,-1)slow drifting in HI and,-2)occasional small errors in AI,PrecessionApply a force on a s,Attitude Indicator,Shows aircraft pitch and bank attitude,Does NOT show if the aircraft is turning,climbing or descending,Attitude IndicatorShows aircra,仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage1-103GYROS-COMPASSppt课件,ATTITUDE INDICATOR,ATTITUDE INDICATOR,How an AI Works,Principle of operation:,-RIGIDITY IN SPACE,Gyro spins in,horizontal,plane,on a vertical axis,Mounted on dual gimbals so that aircraft can pitch and roll around gyro,Gyro stays level with natural horizon,there is a self-erecting mechanism actuated by the force of gravity on,“,pendulous vanes,”,to keep it level*(see next slide),How an AI WorksPrinciple of op,The self-erecting mechanism in the gyroscopic attitude indicator,The force of gravity acting on the,“,pendulous vanes,”,allows the gyro to align itself with the natural horizon,The self-erecting mechanism in,Pendulous Vanes,Sole purpose is to keep the gyro,ERECT,.,Air exits the gyro assembly through 4 ports at right angles near the base.,Vanes open and close these ports by the swinging effect,like a pendulum,responding to gravity.,Results in differential thrust causing precession forces which right the gyro to desired plane,Pendulous VanesSole purpose is,Turns and G forces,The pendulous vanes operate asymmetrically under:,Load,Centrifugal force,Results in a variety of typical gyroscopic precession errors,Error usually maxes out after 180 turn-cancels after 360 turn,Turns and G forcesThe pendulou,仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage1-103GYROS-COMPASSppt课件,Acceleration/Deceleration Errors,Example-accelerate,Horizon bar moves down,Incorrectly indicates a climb,Confirmed,by pilot,s somatogravic illusion,Response(,“,get the nose down,”,),Danger potential at takeoff or missed approach when required obstacle climb angle isn,t sufficient,Acceleration/Deceleration Er,Tumbling Gyros,Older AI indicators can tumble.,Gimbals reach their limits resulting in gyros precessing rapidly.,Tumbles away from desired plane of rotation,Exceeding 100 bank or 60 pitch,(on older models),Caging devices were necessary for acrobatic flight to prevent tumbling,Newer Attitude Indicators do not have the same limits so no caging,Tumbling GyrosOlder AI indicat,Heading Indicator,Indicates heading based on a 360 degree azimuth,Must regularly be reset to agree with the magnetic compass,Heading IndicatorIndicates hea,How An HI Works,Vacuum powered,Gyro spins on,vertical,plane,Senses rotation about the vertical axis,Free vs.Slaved gyros,free,must align with magnetic compass,slaved,automatic north-seeking,How An HI WorksVacuum powered,Heading Indicator,Heading Indicator,HI Errors,Precession:Check HI every 15 minutes with mag compass,Airplane does more than yaw,so 2 gimbals needed for free rotation.,Can also tumbl