,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Chapter Seven,Science and Technology,【7.1 Science and Technology in China】,【,中国的科技,】,China was a world leader in science and technology until the early years of the Qing Dynasty.Chinese discoveries and Chinese innovations such as paper making,printing,the compass,and gunpowder(the Four Great Inventions)contributed to the economic development in Asia and Europe.Chinese activity started to decrease in the fourteenth century.Unlike in Europe scientists did not attempt to reduce observations of nature to mathematical laws and they did not form a scholarly community with criticisms and progressive research.There was an increasing concentration on literature,arts,and public administration while science and technology were seen as trivial or restricted to limited practical applications.The causes of this Great Divergence continue to be debated.One factor is argued to be the imperial examination system which removed the incentives for Chinese intellectuals to learn mathematics or to conduct experimentation.,【7.1 Science and Technology in China】,【,中国的科技,】,China has developed sci-tech cooperation relations with 152 countries and regions,signing intergovernmental sci-tech cooperation agreements with 96 of them,and joined more than 1,000 international sci-tech cooperation organizations.Non-governmental international sci-tech cooperation and exchanges remain active.The China Association for Science and Technology and its affiliated organizations have joined 249 international scientific and technological organizations,and more than 250 CAS(Chinese Academy of Sciences)scientists have held posts in international scientific organizations.The China National Science Foundation has concluded cooperative agreements and memoranda with their counterparts in 36 countries.,The Chinese Academy of Sciences,as well as a dozen famous universities and colleges,including Peking University and Tsinghua University,are located in the Zhongguancun area in Beijings Haidian District.Boasting a dynamic economy based on knowledge and information industries,Zhongguancun employs hundreds of thousands of professionals averaging about 30 in age.It is thus popularly known as the“Silicon Valley of China.,Four Great Inventions of Ancient China is the worlds four great inventions impact,namely,papermaking,the compass,gunpowder,movable type.,Compass,II.Gunpowder,III.Papermaking,IV.Movable-type Printing Technique,7.1.1 The Four Great Inventions of Ancient China,Mathematics in Ancient China was once the most advanced in the world.Decimal notation appeared with the beginning of recorded history in China.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,100,1,000 and 10,000 were used for numerical notation in the inscriptions on oracle bones of the Shang Dynasty and the inscriptions on ancient bronze vessels of the Western Zhou Dynasty.,Zhoubi,Suanjing(,The Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven,),written in the first century,has a record of a theorem proposed by Shang Gao:in a right triangle,if the short leg is 3 and the long leg 4,then the hypotenuse must be 5.That is the Chinese version of the Pythagoras Theorem,also the earliest record of the Pythagoras Theorem in the world.,7.1.2 Mathematics in Ancient China,China is one of the countries to boast the longest history and the most advanced development of astronomy.The ancient astronomy of China originated from the astronomical observation.In the Neolithic Age,the Chinese ancestors attached importance to observing the astronomical phenomena and determining the four seasons for the sake of agricultural production.From the earliest appearance of written characters,China had the successive,complete and accurate recordings of astronomical phenomena.Solar eclipses were recorded in the Shang and Zhou dynasties.The earliest record of Halleys Comet in the world was made in the Spring and Autumn Period(770476 BC).The earliest and internationally acknowledged record of sunspots was made in the Western Han Dynasty(206 BCAD 25).,Hanshu Wuxingzhi,(,The Treatise on the Five Elements in the Book of Han,)described the durations and positions of the sunspots in details.The measurement of the celestial bodies started early in ancient China.There were early star charts before the Qin and Han dynasties,which makes China the earliest country to have star charts in the world.The star map of the Tang Dynasty(618907)found in Dunhuang,featuring l,350 stars,is the oldest star chart with the biggest number of stars existing in the world.There were also advanced instruments for the measurement of celestial bodies in ancient China.,7.1.3 Astronomy and Calendarin Ancient China,Traditional Chinese medicine is a treasure of the traditional Chinese culture.It is drastically different from the western medicine in that it explains the human bodys physiological phenomena and pathological changes with the theories of,yin,and,yang,and the Five Elements(met