单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,英语国家社会与文化入门,(,上册）,The Society and Culture,of Major English-Speaking Countries,An Introduction,(Book One),The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,Unit 1 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom,Quiz,Give the English and a brief explanation for the following:,1,大英帝国,2,英联邦国家组织,3,亚瑟王,4,苏格兰高地,5,威尔士亲王,Focal Points,effects of UKs imperial past,a multiracial society,the significant role of London,cultural and economic dominance of England,invasion from the Roman Empire,settlement of the Anglo-Saxons,Vikings from Scandinavia,William the Conqueror,physical features of Scotland,the Battle of Bannockburn,Union with England in 1707,strong Scottish identity,Wales unification with the UK,This Unit Is Divided into Four Sections,A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom,England,Scotland,Wales,I. A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom,The full name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is a complicated name for what is in many ways a complicated country.,The legacy of the long gone British Empire and joining of the EU have changed Britains position in the world.,The four constituent parts plus post-war immigration from the former colonies have rendered the UK a multiracial society.,There are differences between the capital and the provinces, between the north and the south. London (England) is in the south of the country, and is dominant in the UK in all sorts of ways.,The UK has an area of 93,800 square miles (243,000km2), making it the 80,th,-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11,th,- largest in Europe. The UK is the 22,nd,-most populous country, with an estimated 64.1 million inhabitants.,The two maps show the position of the UK in the world and the four constituent parts of the UK,At its height, the British Empire was the largest empire in history. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-fifth of the worlds population at the time. The empire covered more than 33,700,000square km (13,012,000sqmi), almost a quarter of the Earths total land area.,The Commonwealth of Nations, commonly known as the Commonwealth (formerly the British Commonwealth), is an intergovernmental organisation of 53 member states that were mostly territories of the former British Empire.,The UK maintains its links with its former colonies through the Commonwealth of Nations.,The European Union (EU) is a politico-economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. The EU operates through a system of supranational institutions and intergovernmental negotiated decisions by the member states.,Since its entry into EU in 1973, the UK has developed a closer relationships with Europe.,The importance of London in the UK,London is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom, with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.,London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism, and transport, all of which contribute to its preeminence.,It is one of the worlds leading financial centres and has the fifth-or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world depending on measurement.,London has a diverse range of peoples and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken within Greater London. The regions official population was 8,416,535 in 2013, making it the most populous municipality in the European Union, and accounting for 12.5% of the UK population.,London has four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London, Westminster Palace, Westminster Abbey, St. Margrets Church.,Tower of London and Westminster Palace,London held 3 Olympic games 1908, 1948 and 2012 respectively.,2012 Olympics,The City of London is widely referred to simply as the City and is also colloquially known as the Square Mile, as it is 1.12sqmi (2.90km2) in area. It is one of the financial centres of the world.,The skyline of the City of London in December 2013,II. England,England is a highly urbanized country, with 80% of its population living in cities, and only 2% of the population working in agriculture.,Its largest city is the capital London, which is dominant in the UK in all fields: government, finance, and culture.,British history has been a history of invasions: Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings and the Normans.,The Glorious Revolution of 1688 changed Britain into a constitutional monarchy.,One of the best-known English legends, King Arthur, derives from the Anglo-Saxon period.,England has a total area of 130,395square km and its population is 53,012,456 (2011census) with a density of 407 persons/square km.,England and its Flag,England: History of Invasion and Conquest,The Celts,The Romans,The Anglo-Saxons (King Arthur); Anglo-land=England: form the basis of the modern English race and language,The Vikings,The Normans (William the Conqueror 1066, Robin Hood),William and Mary from Holland (the Glorious Revolution, or the bloodless revolution, 1688), establishing parliaments dominance over the monarch,British identity building: constitutional monarchy,(only a gap of 11 years ruled by parliaments leader, Oliver Cromwell); unification of 4 parts; the British Empire,Following the conquest of the Britons, a distinctive Romano-British culture emerged as the Romans introduced improved agriculture, urban planning, industrial production, and architecture.,Britain within the Roman Empire: AD 43-c.410,During their occupation of Britain the Romans built an extensive network of roads which continued to be used in later centuries and many are still followed today.,Hadrians Wall and Bath the Roman legacy in Britain,The Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain is the term traditionally used to describe the process by which the coastal lowlands of Britain developed from a Romano-British to a Germanic culture following the withdrawal of Roman troops from the island in the early 5,th,century.,Anglo-Saxon,Migration 5th Century and their kingdoms established in Britain,King Arthur is a legendary British leader of the late 5,th,and early 6,th,centuries, who, according to medieval histories and romances, led the defense of Britain against Saxon invaders in the early 6,th,century.,King Arthur and the round table knights,The Norwegians expanded to the north and west to places such as Ireland, Scotland, Iceland, and Greenland; the Danes to England and France, settling in the Danelaw (northern/eastern England) and Normandy; and the Swedes to the east, founding the Kievan Rus, the original Russia.,Scandinavian settlements of the 8th through 11,th,centuries,The Norman conquest of England was the 11,th,-century invasion and occupation of England by an army of Norman, Breton, and French soldiers led by Duke William II of Normandy, later William the Conqueror.,Norman expansion by 1130,The Glorious Revolution (1688) was the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange).,The Revolution turned Britain into a constitutional monarchy. Picture: The Prince of Orange lands at Torbay.,III. Scotland,Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area.,Physically, Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, with areas of sparely populated mountains and lakes in the north (the Highlands), and in the south.,Scotland was not conquered by the Romans, nor was most of Scotland conquered by the Anglo-Saxons.,Scotland and England merged in 1603 (officially in 1707) due to the issue of English throne inheritance.,Yet, the dream of an independent Scotland has not vanished.,Scotland has an area of 78,387square km, and a population of 5.3 million (2013),Scotland and its flag,Edinburgh, the countrys capital and second-largest city, was the hub of the Scottish Enlightenment of the 18th century, which transformed Scotland into one of the commercial, intellectual, and industrial powerhouses of Europe.,Edinburgh Castle. Human habitation of the site is dated back as far as the 9th century BC, although the nature of this early settlement is unclear.,By inheritance in 1603, King James VI of Scotland became King of England and King of Ireland, thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms. Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain.,Scotland had never been conquered in history, yet James VI of Scotland inherited the throne of England and thus merged the two kingdoms in 1603.,The Scottish National Party, which supports Scottish independence, won an overall majority in the 2011 general election. An independence referendum was held on 18 September 2014, with independence being rejected by a majority of 55% to 45% on an 85% voter turnout.,The Scottish First Minister, Alex Salmond, and the Deputy First Minister, Nicola Sturgeon, at the launch of the National Conversation, 14 August 2007.,IV. Wales,Wales is the smallest among the three nations on the British mainland, though larger than Ireland. The capital is Cardiff, a small city of about 300,000 people.,Wales is very close to England and thus has been dominated by England for longer than other nations of the union.,After English conquest, Edward I named his son the Prince of Wales, and the first son of the monarch has held that title ever since (including the present day Prince Charles) to try to bring Wales into the British nation.,Welsh, a Celtic tongue completely different from English, is spoken by 19% of the population in Wales.,Wales has a total area of 20,779square km (8,023sqmi) and had a population of 3,063,456 in 2011. Wales has over 1,680 miles (2,700km) of coastline and is largely mountainous, with its highest peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon (,Yr Wyddfa,), its highest summit,Wales and its flag,Cardiff,Cardiff is the capital and largest city in Wales and the 10th largest city in the UK. The city is the countrys chief commercial centre, the base for most national cultural and sporting institutions, the Welsh national media, and the seat of the National Assembly for Wales.,Aided by Welsh-medium education and migration from other parts of Wales, the number of Welsh speakers in Cardiff rose by 14,451 between 1991 and 2001; Welsh is now spoken by 11% of Cardiffians.,Bilingual signs are commonplace in Cardiff,Questions for Discussion,What was the British Empire? In what way is the Empire still felt in Britain and in the international field?,“British history has been a history of invasion.” How did each of the invasions influence British culture?,What are some of the general characteristics of Scotland? How did Scotland become part of the union of Great Britain?,Describe characteristics of Wales and Wales unification with Great Britain.,Are there any differences between England, Scotland and Wales in terms of cultural tradition?,The End,高等教育出版社,2015,